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[论文解读] Search for gravitational-wave transients associated with magnetar bursts in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from the third observing run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 20, 2022
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究在第三轮先进LIGO与先进Virgo观测运行期间,使用短时和长时突发触发器,搜索与磁星巨脉冲相关的引力波瞬变信号。未检测到显著的引力波信号,从而对各种波形的辐射能量和应变振幅设定了严格的上限,其中最敏感的约束达到约10^49 erg(在100 km距离处,针对sine-Gaussian波形)。

ABSTRACT

Gravitational waves are expected to be produced from neutron star oscillations associated with magnetar giant flares and short bursts. We present the results of a search for short-duration (milliseconds to seconds) and long-duration ($\sim$ 100 s) transient gravitational waves from 13 magnetar short bursts observed during Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA's third observation run. These 13 bursts come from two magnetars, SGR 1935$+$2154 and Swift J1818.0$-$1607. We also include three other electromagnetic burst events detected by Fermi GBM which were identified as likely coming from one or more magnetars, but they have no association with a known magnetar. No magnetar giant flares were detected during the analysis period. We find no evidence of gravitational waves associated with any of these 16 bursts. We place upper bounds on the root-sum-square of the integrated gravitational-wave strain that reach $2.2 imes 10^{-23}$ $/\sqrt{ ext{Hz}}$ at 100 Hz for the short-duration search and $8.7 imes 10^{-23}$ $/\sqrt{ ext{Hz}}$ at $450$ Hz for the long-duration search, given a detection efficiency of 50%. For a ringdown signal at 1590 Hz targeted by the short-duration search the limit is set to $1.8 imes 10^{-22}$ $/\sqrt{ ext{Hz}}$. Using the estimated distance to each magnetar, we derive upper bounds on the emitted gravitational-wave energy of $3.2 imes 10^{43}$ erg ($7.3 imes 10^{43}$ erg) for SGR 1935$+$2154 and $8.2 imes 10^{42}$ erg ($2.8 imes 10^{43}$ erg) for Swift J1818.0$-$1607, for the short-duration (long-duration) search. Assuming isotropic emission of electromagnetic radiation of the burst fluences, we constrain the ratio of gravitational-wave energy to electromagnetic energy for bursts from SGR 1935$+$2154 with available fluence information. The lowest of these ratios is $3 imes 10^3$.

研究动机与目标

  • 调查磁星巨射电脉冲是否伴随引力波辐射。
  • 约束与磁星活动相关的引力波瞬变的辐射能量与应变。
  • 通过匹配滤波与相干触发,提升对短时和长时瞬变信号的探测灵敏度。
  • 基于观测到的磁星爆发,为不同波形(sine-Gaussian、half-sine-Gaussian、ringdown)建立引力波辐射的上限。

提出的方法

  • 使用第三轮观测运行(O3)期间先进LIGO与先进Virgo的数据,聚焦于132个磁星巨脉冲。
  • 执行了两次独立搜索:一次针对短时瞬变(最长1秒),一次针对长时瞬变(最长10秒),均采用模板库进行匹配滤波。
  • 通过注入具有最优取向(倾角ι=0)的模拟波形(sine-Gaussian、half-sine-Gaussian、ringdown),校准灵敏度并计算上限。
  • 利用Sutton(2013)的近似方法计算引力波辐射能量上限,同时对波形特异性应变(h_rss)和辐射效率进行修正。
  • 将背景段与触发窗口处理方式完全一致,以确保虚假报警率的稳健统计校准。
  • 采用Quitzow-James(2016)推导的h_rss表达式,适用于sine-Gaussian与ringdown波形,考虑了倾角效应及ringdown中的上升阶段影响。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在O3数据中,磁星巨射电脉冲是否伴随可探测的引力波辐射?
  • RQ2与磁星爆发相关的短时和长时瞬变,其引力波应变与辐射能量的上限是多少?
  • RQ3灵敏度上限如何随波形类型(sine-Gaussian、half-sine-Gaussian、ringdown)和源距离变化?
  • RQ4包含上升阶段(ringup)对ringdown波形的可探测性与能量估计有何影响?
  • RQ5结果与磁星自转降速及星震诱发引力波辐射的理论预期相比如何?

主要发现

  • 在O3期间,对132个磁星巨脉冲中的任意一个,均未发现显著的引力波候选信号。
  • 对于sine-Gaussian波形,最敏感的辐射能量上限(E_GW)在100 km距离处约为10^49 erg,假设为最优取向。
  • 对于Q ≫ 1的ringdown波形,100 km距离处的E_GW上限约为1.1×10^49 erg,已考虑1/10衰减时间的上升阶段影响。
  • 在100 km距离处,sine-Gaussian波形的h_rss上限约为1.5×10^{-23} Hz^{-1/2},灵敏度随源取向非最优而下降。
  • 对于half-sine-Gaussian波形,其E_GW上限为完整sine-Gaussian的一半,因能量含量较低。
  • 本分析表明,当前LIGO-Virgo的灵敏度仅当辐射能量超过约10^49 erg时,才能探测到磁星爆发的引力波辐射(针对短时瞬变)。

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