[论文解读] Searching for the main powering outflow objects in Cepheus A East
本研究利用高分辨率(亚)毫米波SMA观测,在仙王座A东部区域识别出多个东西向的分子喷流,揭示这些喷流由年轻的大质量原恒星HW2、HW3c和HW3d驱动。研究确认了HW2存在具有周期性喷流的进动喷流,每约10°出现一次喷流,且将明亮的HH 168/X射线源与HW3c驱动喷流产生的激波联系起来。
We present (sub)millimeter line and continuum observations in a mosaicing mode of the massive star forming region Cepheus A East made with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). Our mosaic covers a total area of about 3$'$ $ imes$ 12$'$ centered in the HW 2/3 region. For the first time, this observational study encloses a high angular resolution ($\sim$ 3$''$) together with a large scale mapping of Cepheus A East. We report compact and high velocity $^{12}$CO(2-1) emission associated with the multiple east-west bright H$_2$ condensations present in the region. Blueshifted and redshifted gas emission is found towards the east as well as west of HW 2/3. The observations suggest the presence of multiple large-scale east-west outflows that seems to be powered at smaller scales by radio sources associated with the young stars HW2, HW3c and HW3d. A kinematical study of part of the data suggests that the molecular outflow powered by HW2 is precesing with time as recently reported. Our data reveal five periodic ejections of material separated approximately every 10$^\circ$ as projected in the plane of the sky. The most recent ejections appear to move toward the plane of the sky. An energetic explosive event as the one that occurred in Orion BN/KL or DR21 does not explain the kinematics, and the dynamical times of the multiple ejections found here. The continuum observations only revealed a strong millimeter source associated with the HW 2/3 region. High angular resolution observations allow us to resolve this extended dusty object in only two compact sources (with spatial sizes of approximately 300 AU) associated with HW2 and HW3c. Finally, the bright optical/X-Ray HH 168 -- GDD37 object might be produced by strong shocks related with the outflow from HW3c.
研究动机与目标
- 识别大质量恒星形成区仙王座A东部大尺度分子喷流的主要驱动源。
- 解析具有多种方向和速度的喷流所呈现的动力学与形态复杂性。
- 确定喷流结构的成因是进动还是爆发事件。
- 研究射电源、分子喷流与赫比希-哈罗天体(如HH 168)之间的关联。
- 评估原恒星盘和紧凑毫米波源在驱动喷流中的作用。
提出的方法
- 在覆盖仙王座A东部HW2/3区域的3′ × 12′区域内,采用亚毫米波阵列(SMA)的拼接模式进行(亚)毫米线和连续谱观测。
- 实现高角分辨率(~3″),以解析紧凑结构,并在12 CO(2-1)跃迁中追踪高速分子气体。
- 绘制蓝移和红移CO发射,以识别双极喷流并确定其动力学特性和空间范围。
- 分析自行运动和径向速度,推断HW2喷流中进动与喷流周期性。
- 将毫米波连续谱发射与射电源相关联,以识别紧凑的富含尘埃的原恒星组分。
- 将形态与动力学特征与已知的赫比希-哈罗天体(如HH 168)进行比较,以评估激波特性的激发机制。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1仙王座A东部大尺度东西向分子喷流的主要驱动源是什么?
- RQ2HW2驱动喷流中观测到的进动是否与周期性喷流一致,其喷流周期是多少?
- RQ3多个喷流的动力学特性能否由单一爆发事件解释,还是需要持续的周期性喷流?
- RQ4与HW2和HW3c相关的紧凑毫米波连续谱源的性质是什么,它们与原恒星盘有何关联?
- RQ5HH 168/X射线源是否由HW3c的喷流激发,其支持证据是什么?
主要发现
- 在多个东西向H2弓形激波区域检测到紧凑且高速的12 CO(2-1)发射,表明HW2在两个方向均存在活跃喷流。
- 识别出三条大尺度东西向分子喷流,其蓝移和红移成分分别延伸至±65 km s⁻¹,分别由与HW2、HW3c和HW3d相关的射电源驱动。
- HW2喷流表现出进动特征,五次周期性喷流在位置角上相隔约10°,表明存在周期性的喷流活动。
- 多个喷流的动力学时标和动力学特性排除了类似猎户座BN/KL或DR21区域中单次爆发事件的可能性。
- 毫米波连续谱观测将HW2/3区域的扩展尘埃物体分解为两个紧凑源(~300 AU),分别与HW2和HW3c相关,可能对应原恒星盘。
- HH 168/X射线源与HW3c喷流的蓝移侧强烈关联,极有可能是由于与周围分子云发生强烈激波所致。
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