[论文解读] Self-seeding scheme for the soft X-ray line at the European XFEL
本文提出一种紧凑、低成本的自种子方案,利用光栅单色仪与磁扭转通道,在欧洲XFEL的软X射线波段增强纵向相干性。通过以变换极限、窄带辐射种子第二根波荡器,该方案实现饱和后的锥形展宽,峰值功率达800 GW——较SASE饱和功率提升十倍,同时保持小于10⁻³的相对光谱带宽。
This paper discusses the potential for enhancing the capabilities of the European FEL in the soft X-ray regime. A high longitudinal coherence will be the key to such performance upgrade. In order to reach this goal we study a very compact soft X-ray self-seeding scheme originally designed at SLAC [1,2]. The scheme is based on a grating monochromator, and can be straightforwardly installed in the SASE3 undulator beamline at the European XFEL. For the European XFEL fully-coherent soft X-ray pulses are particularly valuable since they naturally support the extraction of more FEL power than at saturation by exploiting tapering in the tunable-gap SASE3 undulator. Tapering consists of a stepwise change of the undulator gap from segment to segment. Based on start-to-end simulations we show that soft X-ray FEL power reaches about 800 GW, that is about an order of magnitude higher than the SASE level at saturation (100 GW). The self-seeding setup studied in this work is extremely compact (about 5 m long), and cost-effective. This last characteristic may justify to consider it as a possible addition to the European XFEL capabilities from the very beginning of the operation phase. [1] Y. Feng, J. Hastings, P. Heimann, M. Rowen, J. Krzywinski, and J. Wu, "X-ray Optics for soft X-ray self-seeding the LCLS-II", proceedings of 2010 FEL conference, Malmo, Sweden, (2010). [2] Y. Feng, P. Heimann, J. Wu, J. Krzywinski, M. Rowen, and J. Hastings, "Compact Grating Monochromator Design for LCLS-I Soft X-ray Self-Seeding", https://slacportal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/lcls_ii/Lists/LCLS_II_Calendar/Physics_Meetings.aspx, May 2011 and https://sites.google.com/a/lbl.gov/realizing-the-potential-of-seeded-fels-in-the-soft-x-ray-regime-workshop/talks, October 2011
研究动机与目标
- 在欧洲XFEL的软X射线FEL输出中增强纵向相干性,这对需要完全相干、傅里叶受限脉冲的先进实验至关重要。
- 解决SASE FEL的局限性,即尽管具有高横向相干性,但其辐射的纵向相干性有限。
- 通过单色种子与波荡器锥形展宽的结合,实现远超SASE饱和功率的显著功率提升。
- 为SASE3波荡器光路开发一种实用、紧凑且成本效益高的升级方案,可从运行初期即集成。
提出的方法
- 采用基于SLAC的FENG设计的紧凑光栅单色仪(含三块反射镜与可变线性光栅),提供约2.5 ps的光程延迟。
- 使用长约5 m、具有约2 mm色散的磁扭转通道延迟电子束,以补偿光程延迟并消除SASE微聚束效应。
- 电子束与单色化辐射在第二根波荡器入口重新汇合,发生相干放大。
- 通过逐步减小波荡器间隙实现波荡器锥形展宽,在保持共振的同时从电子束中提取更多能量。
- 采用0.1 nC电子束进行从头到尾的模拟,完整建模从电子束到最终X射线脉冲的FEL过程。
- 系统设计为非侵入式,保留基线运行模式,并可安全返回SASE模式。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1基于光栅单色仪的紧凑自种子方案是否能显著提升欧洲XFEL软X射线FEL脉冲的纵向相干性?
- RQ2在SASE3光路中结合自种子与波荡器锥形展宽,FEL峰值功率的最大值是多少?
- RQ3与从噪声中产生的SASE相比,单色种子如何提升能量提取效率?
- RQ4为在软X射线波段实现有效种子,所需种子功率水平应为多少,以确保其主导于散粒噪声?
- RQ5所提出的方案是否可实现成本效益高且对现有光路运行干扰最小的部署?
主要发现
- 自种子方案可生成变换极限、完全相干的软X射线脉冲,光谱带宽(FWHM)小于10⁻³。
- 在锥形展宽情况下,FEL峰值功率达到约800 GW,较SASE饱和功率(约100 GW)提升十倍。
- 在1.5 nm波长下,光源每脉冲输出0.6×10¹⁴个光子,脉宽为10 fs(FWHM)。
- 该方案具有较高的安全裕度:即使种子功率下降十倍(降至20 kW),信号仍远高于1 kW的散粒噪声水平。
- 单色仪的效率估计约为10%,但需进一步详细计算予以确认。
- 随着锥形展宽的进行,横向束流发散角减小,尽管在波荡器出口处光斑尺寸增大,表明方向性得到改善。
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