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[论文解读] Sensitivity to sub-GeV dark matter in forthcoming spallation-source neutrino experiments

D. Aristizabal Sierra, V. De Romeri|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 2, 2026
Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena被引用 0
一句话总结

该论文评估未来 CEνNS 探测器在喷射中子源(ESS、J-PARC、CSNS)如何通过中性斑π0 衰变通过矢量门路探测亚GeV 标量暗物质,比较 GEANT4 与 Sanford-Wang π0 产生方法在π0 产额及 DM 通量上的差异。

ABSTRACT

Sub-GeV thermal dark matter weakly interacting with the Standard Model through vector-portal mediators provides a well-motivated and predictive framework that remains challenging to probe with conventional direct detection experiments. Motivated by the rapid development of neutrino facilities based on spallation neutron sources, we study the sensitivity of future coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments to light dark matter produced in neutral pion decays. We consider scalar dark matter interactions mediated by two different vector portals, a generic dark photon and a baryophilic vector mediator. The neutral pion yield is calculated through a GEANT4 simulation and the results are compared with those obtained with the Sandford-Wang parametrization. We show that predictions based on either approach do not produce significant differences. Our results demonstrate that upcoming low-threshold neutrino detectors at the European Spallation Source (ESS), the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) and the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) may test regions in parameter space not yet explored, or be competitive with existing bounds. We point out that these facilities will strengthen the global experimental program searching for secluded sectors.

研究动机与目标

  • 促使将亚GeV 暗物质视为传统直接探测的挑战目标,并确立喷射中子源 CEννNS 实验作为互补探针。
  • 探索两种矢量门路 DM 情景(通用暗光子和重子亲和型 U(1)B)及其在即将到来的 CEννNS 探测器中的可检测性。
  • 通过 GEANT4 模拟和 Sanford-Wang 参数化定量中性π0 产生及由此产生的 DM 通量,并验证该方法。
  • 在现实的探测器假设下,预测 ESS、J-PARC、CSNS 的标量 DM 相对于暗光子介质的灵敏度。

提出的方法

  • 以暗光子 A′ 的弥散耦合 ε 和 DM 耦合 gD 表述 π0 衰变产生 DM 的生产。
  • 通过 Y ≡ ε^2 αD (mφ/mA′)^4 表达再现密度靶标,并分析 p 波湮灭对 CMB 约束的意义。
  • 将 GEANT4 模拟的 π0 通量与 Sanford–Wang 的解析参数化进行比较,以获得 π0 的 PDF 在 Tπ0 和 cosθπ0。
  • 从 π0 运动学构建 DM 能量与角分布,然后与 DM–核散射截面相折叠,预测类似 CEνNS 的迟滞事件。
  • 评估 ESS(以 2 GeV 自动束流为示例)、J-PARC 与 CSNS 的中到大型探测器配置(Ge、Xe、CsI)及背景考虑。
Figure 1: Left graph : Two-dimensional normalized neutral pion PDF in the $T_{\pi^{0}}-\cos\theta_{\pi^{0}}$ plane derived from the $\pi^{0}$ four momentum sample obtained through a GEANT4 simulation. The sample accounts for about $3\times 10^{5}$ pion events and applies for the ESS forecasted exper
Figure 1: Left graph : Two-dimensional normalized neutral pion PDF in the $T_{\pi^{0}}-\cos\theta_{\pi^{0}}$ plane derived from the $\pi^{0}$ four momentum sample obtained through a GEANT4 simulation. The sample accounts for about $3\times 10^{5}$ pion events and applies for the ESS forecasted exper

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在即将到来的喷射源上,亚GeV 标量 DM 是否可通过 CEνNS 型核回弹实现探测?
  • RQ2基于 GEANT4 的 π0 产生预测与 Sanford–Wang 参数化在 DM 通量估计中的比较如何?
  • RQ3未来喷射源 CEννNS 实验能测试的矢量门路 DM 参数空间(通用 A′ 与重子亲和 A′)相对于再现密度靶标的区域如何?
  • RQ4ESS、J-PARC 与 CSNS 的探测器选择与束流能量在多大程度上影响对亚GeV DM 的投影灵敏度?
  • RQ5宇宙学约束(如 CMB)在解释具有 p 波湮灭的可行 DM 情景时扮演何种角色?

主要发现

  • ESS、J-PARC 与 CSNS 的低阈 CEννNS 探测器可能测试亚GeV DM 参数空间的新区域,这些区域尚未被探索。
  • 基于 GEANT4 π0 通量和 Sanford–Wang 参数化的预测在定性层面上结果一致,因次要效应导致的小差异可控。
  • 中性π0 的产生在沿束线呈前向峰值分布,提升沿束轴的探测器接受度。
  • 两组矢量门路基准(通用暗光子和重子亲和型)覆盖了与密封领域相关的广义轻粒子 DM 情景。
  • 该分析框架将 π0 产生、暗光子介导的 DM 产生与 DM–核散射连接起来,形成对计划探测器的 CEννNS 式信号预测。
Figure 2: Left panel : One-dimensional, normalized $\pi^{0}$ kinetic-energy PDFs obtained from the GEANT4 simulation and from the Sanford–Wang analytical parametrization. Right panel : Same comparison, but for the $\cos\theta_{\pi^{0}}$ distribution. In both cases, visible differences arise from sub
Figure 2: Left panel : One-dimensional, normalized $\pi^{0}$ kinetic-energy PDFs obtained from the GEANT4 simulation and from the Sanford–Wang analytical parametrization. Right panel : Same comparison, but for the $\cos\theta_{\pi^{0}}$ distribution. In both cases, visible differences arise from sub

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