[论文解读] Sequestration of noble gases by H3+ in protoplanetary disks and outer solar system composition
本文提出,稀有气体(Ar、Kr、Xe)在早期太阳星云的气相中以XH₃⁺络合物的形式被H₃⁺离子捕获,从而防止其进入冰质小行星。通过高水平的量子计算,作者表明这些络合物极为稳定,可解释土卫六和彗星中氪和氙的观测缺失,而宇宙射线或年轻太阳活动产生的H₃⁺可实现高效的捕获。
We study the efficiency of the noble gases sequestration by the ion H3+ in the form of XH3+ complexes (with X = argon, krypton or xenon) in gas phase conditions similar to those encountered during the cooling of protoplanetary disks, at the epoch of icy planetesimals formation. We show that XH3+ complexes form very stable structures in the gas phase and that their binding energies are much higher than those involved in the structures of X-H2O hydrates or pure X-X condensates. This implies that, in presence of H3+ ions, argon, krypton or xenon are likely to remain sequestrated in the form of XH3+ complexes embedded in the gas phase rather than forming ices during the cooling of protoplanetary disks. The amount of the deficiency depends on how much H3+ is available and efficient in capturing noble gases. In the dense gas of the mid-plane of solar nebula, H3+ is formed by the ionization of H2 from energetic particles, as those in cosmic rays or those ejected by the young Sun. Even using the largest estimate of the cosmic rays ionization rate, we compute that the H3+ abundance is two and three orders of magnitude lower than the xenon and krypton abundance, respectively. Estimating the ionization induced by the young Sun, on the other hand, is very uncertain but leaves the possibility to have enough H3+ to make krypton and xenon trapping efficent. Finally, additional source of H3+ formation may be provided by the presence of a nearby supernova, as discussed in the literature. Recent solar system observations show a deficiency of Ar, and, even more, of Kr and Xe in Titan and in comets. In this article, we consider the possibility that this deficiency is caused by the afore-mentioned process, namely trapping of those noble gases by H3+ ions in the solar nebula.
研究动机与目标
- 解释尽管在太阳系外围形成过程中预期存在丰度,但土卫六和彗星中氪和氙却表现出明显缺失的原因。
- 研究稀有气体是否可在原行星盘冷却过程中通过气相中稳定的XH₃⁺络合物实现捕获。
- 评估在太阳星云中层条件下,H₃⁺介导的稀有气体捕获是否具有可行性。
- 评估电离源——宇宙射线、年轻太阳活动以及附近超新星——在维持足够H₃⁺浓度以实现高效稀有气体捕获中的作用。
- 提供未来在太空中或实验室中检测XH₃⁺络合物的理论光谱特征。
提出的方法
- 采用CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ水平的高水平量子化学计算,确定XH₃⁺络合物(X = Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe)的结构、结合能和振动频率。
- 通过转动和振动光谱建模,预测其用于实验和观测检测的微波与红外光谱特征。
- 将理论转动常数与ArD₃⁺的实验数据进行比较,以验证计算模型的准确性。
- 通过与X·H₂O水合物及纯X₂凝聚相的结合能比较,评估XH₃⁺络合物的稳定性。
- 评估宇宙射线和年轻太阳活动的电离速率,估算太阳星云中H₃⁺相对于稀有气体丰度的浓度。
- 模拟附近超新星作为H₃⁺替代来源的潜在贡献,以增强稀有气体的捕获效率。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在原行星盘条件下,XH₃⁺络合物是否能在气相中形成足够稳定的结构以捕获稀有气体?
- RQ2XH₃⁺的结合能与稀有气体水合物或纯稀有气体凝聚相相比如何?
- RQ3太阳星云中H₃⁺的丰度是否足以解释土卫六和彗星中氪和氙的观测缺失?
- RQ4电离源——宇宙射线、年轻太阳活动或超新星——在维持H₃⁺浓度以实现有效稀有气体捕获中起什么作用?
- RQ5XH₃⁺络合物的理论光谱特性是否能够支持未来在太空或实验室中实现检测?
主要发现
- XH₃⁺络合物(X = Ar, Kr, Xe)在气相中形成高度稳定的结构,其结合能显著高于X·H₂O水合物或纯X₂凝聚相。
- 柔性模型计算得到的ArH₃⁺转动常数(A = 1490 GHz)与最佳实验值相差约2%,验证了CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ计算的准确性。
- 对XH₃⁺络合物(X = Ne–Xe)计算得到的振动频率和强度显示出明显的高频内部振动模式和低频碎片间运动,有利于光谱识别。
- 宇宙射线产生的H₃⁺丰度不足以解释氪和氙的缺失,其浓度分别比氪和氙的丰度低两个和三个数量级。
- 年轻太阳活动或附近超新星的电离作用可能提供足够的H₃⁺,以实现氪和氙的有效捕获,构成一种可行的稀有气体缺失机制。
- 通过XH₃⁺络合物实现的捕获机制可定量解释土卫六和彗星中观测到的氩、氪和氙的缺失,与惠更斯号和FUSE观测结果一致。
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