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[论文解读] Simulating the deep decarbonisation of residential heating for limiting global warming to 1.5C

Florian Knobloch, Hector Pollitt|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 30, 2017
Climate Change Policy and Economics被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究采用 FTT:Heat 自下而上的模型,模拟了政策驱动的建筑供暖脱碳过程,表明在协调一致的政策组合——尤其是碳税(50–200欧元/吨CO2)与可再生能源补贴相结合——的推动下,尽管存在家庭惯性和有限理性,2050年实现近零排放仍可实现;尽管初期成本有所上升,但大多数地区在中期内仍可实现成本下降。

ABSTRACT

Whole-economy scenarios for limiting global warming to 1.5C suggest that direct carbon emissions in the buildings sector should decrease to almost zero by 2050, but leave unanswered the question how this could be achieved by real-world policies. We take a modelling-based approach for simulating which policy measures could induce an almost-complete decarbonisation of residential heating, the by far largest source of direct emissions in residential buildings. Under which assumptions is it possible, and how long would it take? Policy effectiveness highly depends on behavioural decision- making by households, especially in a context of deep decarbonisation and rapid transformation. We therefore use the non-equilibrium bottom-up model FTT:Heat to simulate policies for a transition towards low-carbon heating in a context of inertia and bounded rationality, focusing on the uptake of heating technologies. Results indicate that the near-zero decarbonisation is achievable by 2050, but requires substantial policy efforts. Policy mixes are projected to be more effective and robust for driving the market of efficient low-carbon technologies, compared to the reliance on a carbon tax as the only policy instrument. In combination with subsidies for renewables, near-complete decarbonisation could be achieved with a residential carbon tax of 50-200Euro/tCO2. The policy-induced technology transition would increase average heating costs faced by households initially, but could also lead to cost reductions in most world regions in the medium term. Model projections illustrate the uncertainty that is attached to household behaviour for prematurely replacing heating systems.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估在1.5°C全球变暖约束下,2050年前实现建筑供暖直接碳排放近乎为零的可行性。
  • 考察家庭行为(尤其是惯性和有限理性)对低碳供暖技术采纳的影响。
  • 评估不同政策工具(尤其是碳税与补贴)在推动向低碳供暖系统转型方面的有效性。
  • 识别比单一政策工具更稳健、更有效的政策组合,以加速市场转型。

提出的方法

  • FTT:Heat 模型是一种非均衡、自下而上的模型,用于模拟在行为约束下家庭层面的供暖技术采纳决策。
  • 该模型纳入了技术更换的惯性与有限理性,反映现实中家庭决策中存在的延迟与信息有限性。
  • 模型在不同政策情景下模拟了各类供暖技术(如燃气锅炉、热泵、生物质炉)的过渡,包括碳定价与可再生能源支持。
  • 模型在15个世界区域评估政策有效性,考虑了能源系统、成本与基础设施的区域差异。
  • 通过模拟不同碳税水平(50–200欧元/吨CO2)与可再生能源支持的政策情景,评估其对排放、成本与技术采纳的影响。
  • 分析整合了全经济气候情景,以确保与1.5°C全球变暖目标的一致性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在1.5°C气候目标下,政策工具在多大程度上可促成2050年前建筑供暖的近乎完全脱碳?
  • RQ2家庭行为因素(如惯性与有限理性)如何影响低碳供暖转型的速度与成效?
  • RQ3哪种政策组合——碳税、补贴或二者结合——在推动高效低碳供暖技术市场采纳方面最有效且最稳健?
  • RQ4过渡期间家庭的预期成本影响如何?成本下降在何时出现?

主要发现

  • 建筑供暖的近乎完全脱碳在2050年可实现,但仅依赖大规模且持续的政策努力。
  • 将碳税(50–200欧元/吨CO2)与可再生能源补贴相结合的政策组合,比单独依赖碳税更有效且更稳健。
  • 家庭行为,尤其是提前更换供暖系统的意愿不足,给转型带来显著不确定性与延迟。
  • 尽管初期政策可能推高家庭成本,但得益于技术学习与效率提升,大多数世界地区在中期内预计将实现成本下降。
  • 低碳供暖技术的转型对政策设计高度敏感,强有力的政策信号可加速采纳并减少排放。

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