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[论文解读] Simulations of Protoplanetary Disk Dispersal: Stellar Mass Dependence of the Disk Lifetime

A. Komaki, S. Fukuhara|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 26, 2023
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究对0.5–7 M☉恒星的原行星盘演化进行了1D流体动力学模拟,综合考虑了粘性吸积、磁流体动力学(MHD)风以及光致蒸发。研究发现,盘的消散 timescale 随恒星质量增加而缩短,从低质量恒星的~10 Myr降至7 M☉恒星的~2 Myr,主要归因于大质量系统中光致蒸发的增强,且一个简单的S形函数能准确描述盘质量的演化。

ABSTRACT

Recent infrared and submillimeter observations suggest that the protoplanetary disk lifetime depends on the central stellar mass. The disk dispersal is thought to be driven by viscous accretion, magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) winds, and photoevaporation by the central star. We perform a set of one-dimensional simulations of long-term disk evolution that include all the three processes. We vary the stellar mass in the range of 0.5-7M$_{\odot}$, and study the mass dependence of the disk evolution. We show that a significant fraction of the disk gas is lost by MHD winds in the early stage, but the later disk evolution is mainly governed by photoevaporation. The disk radius decreases as photoevaporation clears out the gas in the outer disk efficiently. The qualitative evolutionary trends of the disk mass are remarkably similar for the wide range of the central stellar mass we consider, and the time evolution of the disk mass can be well fitted by a simple function. The dispersal time is approximately ten million years for low mass stars with weak mass dependence, but gets as short as two million years around a 7M$_{\odot}$ star. In the latter case, a prominent inner hole is formed by the combined effect of accretion and MHD winds within about one million years. The strength of the MHD wind and viscous accretion controls the overall mass-loss rate, but does not alter the dependence of the dispersal timescale on the central stellar mass.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过长期、多机制模拟,研究原行星盘消散 timescale 对恒星质量的依赖关系。
  • 解决观测到的盘分数随恒星质量增加而减少与盘演化理论模型之间的矛盾。
  • 确定粘性吸积、MHD风和光致蒸发在不同恒星质量范围内对盘寿命和形态的相对作用。
  • 建立一个能捕捉恒星质量依赖关系的通用盘质量演化函数形式。
  • 评估消散 timescale 对MHD风强度和粘性α参数变化的鲁棒性。

提出的方法

  • 对0.5至7 M☉恒星,在0.1至10 Myr的时间范围内进行一维、时间依赖的盘演化流体动力学模拟。
  • 综合考虑三种关键的盘消散机制:粘性吸积(以α参数化)、MHD盘风(质量损失率与恒星磁通量成比例)以及光致蒸发(采用与距离相关的现实质量损失分布)。
  • 采用Komaki等人(2021)提出的光致蒸发率的改进版本,其随中心恒星质量增加而增强,随半径按r⁻²衰减。
  • 对角动量输运采用自洽的MHD风处理,其增强吸积并改变表面密度分布。
  • 在1.2 au处设置固定内边界(0.14 r_g),以避免靠近恒星时的数值问题。
  • 通过变换后的S形函数拟合盘质量的时间演化,以提取消散 timescale 并评估模型的普适性。
Figure 1: Snapshots of surface density in simulations with $M_{*}=1,3,7{\rm\,M_{\odot}}$ . The initial surface density is shown in dark blue and as time goes on, the surface density is shown in more yellowish line.
Figure 1: Snapshots of surface density in simulations with $M_{*}=1,3,7{\rm\,M_{\odot}}$ . The initial surface density is shown in dark blue and as time goes on, the surface density is shown in more yellowish line.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在0.5–7 M☉的恒星质量范围内,盘的消散 timescale 如何随恒星质量变化?
  • RQ2在不同演化阶段,三种盘消散机制——粘性吸积、MHD风和光致蒸发——中哪一种占主导地位?
  • RQ3MHD风强度或粘性α参数的变化在多大程度上影响盘寿命的恒星质量依赖性?
  • RQ4是否可以使用一个单一的、通用的函数形式来描述不同恒星质量下盘质量的演化?
  • RQ5内空穴的形成在多大程度上加速了盘的消散,特别是在大质量系统中?

主要发现

  • 在前~2 Myr,盘质量损失主要由MHD风主导,尤其在低质量系统中;但此后光致蒸发成为主导机制。
  • 对于7 M☉恒星,由于辐射通量更高,光致蒸发显著增强,导致盘消散 timescale 仅约~2 Myr。
  • 在7 M☉恒星周围,内空穴在~1 au处于~1 Myr内形成,这是粘性吸积与MHD风共同作用的结果,加速了盘的消散。
  • 所有恒星质量下盘质量的时间演化均能被单一变换后的S形函数良好拟合,从而可准确预测消散 timescale。
  • 消散 timescale 对恒星质量的依赖关系具有鲁棒性,其变化不随MHD风强度或粘性α参数的调整而显著改变。
  • 光致蒸发能有效清除外盘中的气体,导致盘半径随时间缩小,外盘在消散末期前仍可维持数十AU的尺度。
Figure 2: The surface mass-loss profiles by the two disk dispersal processes; MHD winds(orange), photoevaporation(green) in the case of $M_{*}=1{\rm\,M_{\odot}}$ . The triangles express the disk radius at the age of $0,1,3,5{\,\rm Myr}$ .
Figure 2: The surface mass-loss profiles by the two disk dispersal processes; MHD winds(orange), photoevaporation(green) in the case of $M_{*}=1{\rm\,M_{\odot}}$ . The triangles express the disk radius at the age of $0,1,3,5{\,\rm Myr}$ .

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