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[论文解读] Solar and anthropogenic climate drivers: an updated regression model and refined forecast

Frank Stefani|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 16, 2026
Science and Climate Studies被引用 0
一句话总结

本研究通过使用 aa-index 与 CO2 的回归来预测 SST,缩小气候敏感性至每 CO2 加倍 1.1–1.4 K,并在固定 aa 与 CO2 情景下,基于同步太阳发电机模型和 IEA 排放路线,预测至 2100 年的未来变暖。

ABSTRACT

In a recent paper attempts were made to quantify the respective solar and anthropogenic influences on the terrestrial climate, and to cautiously predict the global mean temperature over the next 130 years. In a double regression analysis, both the binary logarithm of carbon dioxide concentration and the geomagnetic aa-index were used as predictors of the sea surface temperature (SST) since the mid-19th century. The regression results turned out to be sensitive to end effects, leading to a broad range of the climate sensitivity between 0.6 K and 1.6 K per doubling of CO$_2$ when varying the final year. The aim of this paper is to narrow down this range. To this end, the correlations between the two predictors and the dependent variable (SST) are analysed in detail. It is demonstrated that the SST can be predicted until around 2000 almost perfectly using only the aa-index, whereas for later periods the role of CO$_2$ increases significantly. Hence, the weight of the aa-index is fixed to its robust outcome (around 0.04 K/nT) from the regressions up to 1990. The SST data, reduced by the aa-contribution thus specified, are then used in a single regression with CO$_2$ as the only remaining predictor. This results in a significant reduction in the range of CO$_2$ sensitivity, narrowing it to 1.1-1.4 K. Given the exceptionally high temperatures in recent years, these values are considered a kind of upper limit that could still be subject to downward corrections when future data are incorporated. Based on this estimate, the temperature forecast until 2100 is refined by using more precise predictions of the aa-index and the paths of atmospheric CO$_2$ content which are based on constant emission scenarios combined with a linear sink model. With the exception of the most ``pessimistic'' variant, the temperature is predicted to remain below the extraordinarily high value measured in 2024.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过分析 aa-index 与 CO2 与 SST 的相关性,力图缩小此前对气候敏感性范围的广泛估计。
  • 利用 aa-index 对 SST 进行预筛选,并以 CO2 作为剩余预测变量执行单回归。
  • 避免增加额外预测变量(火山、ENSO),聚焦于两预测变量的动态。
  • 使用改进的 aa-index 预测和恒定排放 CO2 路径,加上线性汇 sink 模型,预测全球平均温度至 2100 年。
  • 评估末端效应如何影响回归权重,并提出一个鲁棒的两阶段方法以隔离 CO2 敏感性。

提出的方法

  • 对 HadSST SST 进行 aa-index 与 log2(CO2/280 ppm) 的双重回归。
  • 通过将回归结束年份在 1950 年至 2024 年之间变化,并使用 MAW 分别为 11 年和 23 年,来评估末期敏感性。
  • 在 CO2 仅回归之前,减去固定的 aa 贡献(w_aa ~ 长期 0.03–0.05 K/nT),以稳定 CO2 敏感性。
  • 使用 IEA 提供的 E(t)(30、40、50 Gt/yr)和线性汇 S(t)=B(C−C_eq) 其中 B≈−0.02 yr−1,来预测 CO2 浓度。
  • 使用一个与主导周期(193、57、90,加上 Schwabe 10.95 年)固定的同步太阳发电机模型来预测 aa-index,以外推至 2100 年。
  • 将这些结合起来,在三种 CO2 排放情景下投影温度,并给出大约±0.3 K 的不确定区间。
Figure 1: Data on the HadSST sea surface temperature anomaly $\Delta T$ (a), the aa-index (b), and $\log_{2}$ of the ratio of the CO 2 concentration to the reference value of 280 ppm (c). Centred moving averages with windows of 11 years (full lines) and 23 years (dashed lines) complement the annual
Figure 1: Data on the HadSST sea surface temperature anomaly $\Delta T$ (a), the aa-index (b), and $\log_{2}$ of the ratio of the CO 2 concentration to the reference value of 280 ppm (c). Centred moving averages with windows of 11 years (full lines) and 23 years (dashed lines) complement the annual

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1 aa-index 相较于 CO2 作为 SST 的预测变量,在历史时期的表现如何?
  • RQ2在 CO2 回归之前固定 aa 贡献是否能得到更窄且更可靠的 CO2 敏感性估计?
  • RQ3在固定排放情景下,结合同步太阳发电机基于 aa 的预测,至 2100 年的 plausible SST 基于温度轨迹是什么?
  • RQ4在更新的两预测变量方法下,气候对 CO2 的敏感性范围及上限是多少?

主要发现

  • 对 aa 的单一回归在 20 世纪末之前仍然稳健(约 0.04 K/nT)。
  • 经过修改的单一回归方法中 CO2 敏感性被缩小到每 doubling CO2 的 1.1–1.4 K。
  • 标准的双重回归显示出末端效应;固定 aa 贡献会得到更稳定的 CO2 敏感性估计。
  • 在 plausible 的 CO2 排放路径(30、40、50 Gt/yr)与线性汇的条件下,至 2100 年的预测变暖约为比 1961–1990 年高出 0.6 K,且不确定区间约为 ±0.3 K。
  • 更新后的预测允许最近出现的极端高温而不过度压制 aa 贡献,从而给出类似上限的投影。
Figure 2: Regression results in dependence on the chosen end year for a moving average window ( ${\rm MAW}$ ) of 11 years. (a) $R^{2}$ for the double regression and the two single regressions with either the aa index or the binary logarithm of CO 2 as the independent variable. (b) The same as (a), b
Figure 2: Regression results in dependence on the chosen end year for a moving average window ( ${\rm MAW}$ ) of 11 years. (a) $R^{2}$ for the double regression and the two single regressions with either the aa index or the binary logarithm of CO 2 as the independent variable. (b) The same as (a), b

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