[论文解读] Spontaneously broken translational symmetry at edges of high-temperature superconductors: thermodynamics in magnetic field
本文研究了在磁场中 $d_{x^2-y^2}$-波超导体边缘处自发破缺的平动对称性和时间反演对称性,表明在 $T^* \approx 0.18T_c$ 处发生二级相变,导致具有边缘源/汇和内部马鞍点的非平凡超流动量场 $\bm{p}_s$。该相变对外部磁场具有鲁棒性,比热跃变按 $(D\xi_0/\mathcal{A})\Delta C_d$ 规律缩放,且 $T^*$ 仅受顺磁响应微弱抑制,可通过纳米量热法、纳米-SQUID 或扫描探针实现探测。
We investigate equilibrium properties, including structure of the order parameter, superflow patterns, and thermodynamics of low-temperature surface phases of layered d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductors in magnetic field. At zero external magnetic field, time-reversal symmetry and continuous translational symmetry along the edge are broken spontaneously in a second order phase transition at a temperature $T^*\approx 0.18 T_c$, where $T_c$ is the superconducting transition temperature. At the phase transition there is a jump in the specific heat that scales with the ratio between the edge length $D$ and layer area ${\cal A}$ as $(Dξ_0/{\cal A})ΔC_d$, where $ΔC_d$ is the jump in the specific heat at the d-wave superconducting transition and $ξ_0$ is the superconducting coherence length. The phase with broken symmetry is characterized by a gauge invariant superfluid momentum ${\bf p}_s$ that forms a non-trivial planar vector field with a chain of sources and sinks along the edges with a period of approximately $12ξ_0$, and saddle point disclinations in the interior. To find out the relative importance of time-reversal and translational symmetry breaking we apply an external field that breaks time-reversal symmetry explicitly. We find that the phase transition into the state with the non-trivial ${\bf p}_s$ vector field keeps its main signatures, and is still of second order. In the external field, the saddle point disclinations are pushed towards the edges, and thereby a chain of edge motifs are formed, where each motif contains a source, a sink, and a saddle point. Due to a competing paramagnetic response at the edges, the phase transition temperature $T^*$ is slowly suppressed with increasing magnetic field strength, but the phase with broken symmetry survives into the mixed state.
研究动机与目标
- 理解具有成对破缺边缘的介观 $d$-波超导小颗粒的热力学与超流响应。
- 研究在边缘处自发破缺连续平动对称性和时间反演对称性的相的稳定性和性质。
- 确定外加磁场如何影响 $T^*$ 相变及超流动量 $\bm{p}_s$ 的结构。
- 识别对称性破缺相的实验可观测信号,包括比热跃变和磁通异常。
提出的方法
- 使用准经典 Eilenberger 理论计算介观 $d$-波超导小颗粒中的序参量和超流动量 $\bm{p}_s$。
- 自洽计算超流动量 $\bm{p}_s$,揭示其为具有源、汇和马鞍点旋错的规范不变矢量场。
- 计算比热等热力学量以及感应磁通,以探测相变和对称性破缺。
- 施加外磁场以显式破坏时间反演对称性,并分析其对 $T^*$ 和 $\bm{p}_s$ 的影响。
- 对中间能隙 Andreev 状态的顺磁响应进行建模,并与环流相比较,评估其竞争关系。
- 从比热跃变和磁通拐点提取相变温度 $T^*$,实现不同磁场强度下的比较。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在 $d$-波超导体边缘的对称性破缺相中,超流动量 $\bm{p}_s$ 的性质是什么?
- RQ2相变温度 $T^*$ 如何随外加磁场强度变化?
- RQ3在 $T^*$ 处的比热跃变的起源和大小是什么?其随系统尺寸如何变化?
- RQ4竞争的顺磁和抗磁响应如何影响环流相的稳定性?
- RQ5可采用哪些实验信号来探测 $T^*$ 相变和 $\bm{p}_s$ 结构?
主要发现
- 在 $T^* \approx 0.18T_c$ 处发生二级相变,自发破缺了 $d$-波超导体边缘的连续平动对称性和时间反演对称性。
- 超流动量 $\bm{p}_s$ 形成具有边缘源和汇(绕数 $n=1/2$)及内部马鞍点(绕数 $n=-1$)的非平凡平面矢量场,周期约为 $12\xi_0$。
- 在 $T^*$ 处的比热跃变按 $(D\xi_0/\mathcal{A})\Delta C_d$ 规律缩放,随样品尺寸减小而线性增长,对于 $60\times60\xi_0^2$ 的颗粒可达 $\Delta C_d$ 的约 4.5%。
- 由于中间能隙态的顺磁响应竞争,相变温度 $T^*$ 仅受外加磁场微弱抑制。
- 环流相在 Meissner 区域仍保持稳定,$\bm{p}_s$ 在 $T^*$ 以下非线性增长,抑制了顺磁贡献。
- 关键实验信号包括在 $T^*$ 处总感应磁通的拐点、通过扫描探针可观测的涡旋结构,以及可用纳米量热法探测的大比热跃变。
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