[论文解读] Stabilization of Exoskeletons through Active Ankle Compensation
本文提出主动踝部补偿以增强下肢外骨骼在矢状面的稳定性,通过独立控制支撑脚和摆动脚的踝部,以维持地面接触、脚部平行性以及骨盆姿态跟踪。实验结果表明,在不平地形上,骨盆俯仰跟踪和静态平衡性能得到改善,外骨骼在无手杖动态行走过程中即使受到扰动也能保持稳定。
This paper presents an active stabilization method for a fully actuated lower-limb exoskeleton. The method was tested on the exoskeleton ATALANTE, which was designed and built by the French start-up company Wandercraft. The main objective of this paper is to present a practical method of realizing more robust walking on hardware through active ankle compensation. The nominal gait was generated through the hybrid zero dynamic framework. The ankles are individually controlled to establish three main directives; (1) keeping the non-stance foot parallel to the ground, (2) maintaining rigid contact between the stance foot and the ground, and (3) closing the loop on pelvis orientation to achieve better tracking. Each individual component of this method was demonstrated separately to show each component's contribution to stability. The results showed that the ankle controller was able to experimentally maintain static balance in the sagittal plane while the exoskeleton was balanced on one leg, even when disturbed. The entire ankle controller was then also demonstrated on crutch-less dynamic walking. During testing, an anatomically correct manikin was placed in the exoskeleton, in lieu of a paraplegic patient. The pitch of the pelvis of the exoskeleton-manikin system was shown to track the gait trajectory better when ankle compensation was used. Overall, active ankle compensation was demonstrated experimentally to improve balance in the sagittal plane of the exoskeleton manikin system and points to an improved practical approach for stable walking.
研究动机与目标
- 为解决外骨骼中跌倒预防的关键需求,通过提升动态行走的鲁棒性。
- 开发一种实用的控制方法,以增强稳定性,而无需依赖手杖或人体患者稳定化。
- 证明主动踝部控制可改善骨盆姿态跟踪并减少矢状面的不稳定性。
- 通过使用假人代替真人受试者,在ATALANTE外骨骼上实验验证该方法。
- 分离并评估踝部控制器的各个组件,以量化其对整体系统稳定性贡献。
提出的方法
- 使用混合零动态(HZD)框架结合直接配点法生成标准步态,以确保可证明稳定的周期轨道。
- 踝部控制器被分解为三个部分:(1)通过逆运动学保持非支撑脚与地面平行,(2)通过重心(COP)滤波确保支撑脚与地面的刚性接触,(3)利用IMU反馈闭环控制骨盆姿态。
- PD控制器跟踪标准轨迹,通过力传感器阈值触发摆动与支撑阶段之间的平滑过渡。
- 支撑脚控制器使用COP滤波器分配指令力矩,以保持重心靠近足部中心。
- 摆动脚控制器通过逆运动学计算踝关节角度,以保持脚部水平。
- 完整控制器在硬件上实现,采用ATALANTE外骨骼的实时控制,并以假人为受试者替代真人。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在全驱动下肢外骨骼动态行走过程中,主动踝部补偿能否提升矢状面稳定性?
- RQ2踝部控制器的各个组成部分——脚部平行性、地面接触、骨盆姿态反馈——对整体稳定性有何贡献?
- RQ3当支撑脚置于倾斜平台时,踝部控制器在多大程度上能维持静态平衡?
- RQ4与基线控制相比,主动踝部控制是否能改善动态行走过程中的骨盆俯仰跟踪?
- RQ5尽管存在硬件柔性与建模不准确性,该控制器是否仍能稳定系统于不平地形?
主要发现
- 踝部控制器成功在旋转平台上维持了静态平衡,即使支撑脚俯仰受到主动扰动,骨盆俯仰仍保持几乎恒定。
- 仿真结果表明,外骨骼在主动踝部补偿下可行走超过26步,而无补偿时仅行走4步即摔倒。
- 硬件实验显示,当踝部控制器激活时,骨盆俯仰跟踪显著改善,与期望轨迹的偏差减小。
- 控制器实现了ATALANTE外骨骼上稳定、无手杖的动态行走,证明了其实际可行性。
- 尽管矢状面性能有所提升,系统在冠状面仍不稳定,这是由于物理限制所致,表明需要额外的髋部控制。
- 踝部控制器的各个组成部分分别得到验证,确认每一项均对整体稳定性有显著贡献。
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