[论文解读] StimDust: A mm-scale implantable wireless precision neural stimulator with ultrasonic power and communication
StimDust 是一种 1.7 mm³、无电池、无线的神经刺激器,通过超声波供电和通信,实现精确的可植入神经调控。它通过超声背散射通信实现实时、低延迟的刺激控制,并在 FDA 诊断超声波限值以下安全运行,展示了在大鼠坐骨神经刺激中可靠的体内性能。
Neural stimulation is a powerful technique for modulating physiological functions and for writing information into the nervous system as part of brain-machine interfaces. Current clinically approved neural stimulators require batteries and are many cubic centimetres in size -- typically much larger than their intended targets. We present a complete wireless neural stimulation system consisting of a 1.7 mm3 wireless, batteryless, leadless implantable stimulator (the "mote"), an ultrasonic wireless link for power and bi-directional communication, and a hand-held external transceiver. The mote consists of a piezoceramic transducer, an energy storage capacitor, and a stimulator integrated circuit (IC). The IC harvests ultrasonic power with high efficiency, decodes stimulation parameter downlink data, and generates current-controlled stimulation pulses. Stimulation parameters are time-encoded on the fly through the wireless link rather than being programmed and stored on the mote, reducing power consumption and on-chip memory requirements and enabling complex stimulation protocols with high-temporal resolution and low-latency feedback for use in closed-loop stimulation. Uplink data indicates whether the mote is currently stimulating; it is encoded by the mote via backscatter modulation and is demodulated at the external transceiver. We show that the mote operates at an acoustic intensity that is 7.8% of the FDA limit for diagnostic ultrasound and characterize the acoustic wireless link's robustness to expected real-world misalignment. We demonstrate the in vivo performance of the system with motes acutely implanted with a cuff on the sciatic nerve of anesthetized rats and show highly repeatable stimulation across a wide range of physiological responses.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一种微创、可植入的神经刺激器,消除对内置电池和导线的需求。
- 利用超声波供电和通信,实现高精度、闭环神经刺激,具备低延迟反馈。
- 通过无线下行链路而非芯片内存储,对刺激参数进行时间编码,以减少芯片内存和功耗。
- 在临床超声暴露限值内安全运行,同时在存在对准偏差的情况下仍保持稳健的无线链路性能。
- 通过在麻醉大鼠中进行急性植入,验证系统的可靠性和可重复性。
提出的方法
- 该刺激器(即‘mote’)集成了压电陶瓷换能器,用于超声波能量采集和双向通信。
- 芯片内集成电路(IC)解码下行链路数据以获取刺激参数,并生成电流控制脉冲。
- 刺激参数通过调制超声载波的时域信号进行编码,最大限度减少内存和功耗。
- 通过超声信号的背散射调制,将表示激活刺激的上行链路反馈发送出去。
- 系统使用手持式外部收发器,通过同一超声链路传输能量并接收状态反馈。
- mote 的能量存储在电容器中,实现脉冲式刺激,无需持续供电。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1能否使用超声波实现对毫米级、无电池神经刺激器的无线供电和控制?
- RQ2超声通信能否在无需芯片内存储的情况下,实现实时、低延迟的复杂刺激参数下行链路传输?
- RQ3在实际对准偏差条件下,系统能否通过背散射调制实现可靠的上行链路反馈?
- RQ4所使用的声强是否在 FDA 定义的诊断超声波安全限值以内?
- RQ5系统能否在体内实现高度可重复且可控的神经刺激?
主要发现
- StimDust m ote 在声强为 FDA 诊断超声限值 7.8% 的条件下运行,确保了安全性。
- 在实际对准偏差条件下,超声无线链路表现出稳健性能,维持了可靠的通信。
- 在麻醉大鼠中的体内实验表明,多次刺激试验中生理反应高度可重复。
- 系统成功通过背散射上行链路实现了低延迟反馈的电流控制刺激脉冲。
- 由于无需内置电池和导线,该系统实现了 1.7 mm³ 的可植入外形,显著小于当前临床设备。
- 通过时间编码刺激参数,减少了芯片内存和功耗,使复杂、高时间分辨率的刺激协议成为可能。
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