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[论文解读] Storm Surge Modeling in the AI ERA: Using LSTM-based Machine Learning for Enhancing Forecasting Accuracy

Stefanos Giaremis, Noujoud Nader|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 7, 2024
Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出一种基于LSTM的深度学习模型,利用历史水位计观测数据预测并校正基于物理的风暴潮预报中的系统性偏差。该模型基于61个历史飓风进行训练,可对2022年飓风伊恩的模拟潮位进行校正,显著提升预报精度,短期窗口的决定系数R² > 0.9,18小时预测的R²维持在0.7–0.8之间,且仅需极少数据——仅需六场具有代表性的风暴即可达到与全数据集训练相当的性能。

ABSTRACT

Physics simulation results of natural processes usually do not fully capture the real world. This is caused for instance by limits in what physical processes are simulated and to what accuracy. In this work we propose and analyze the use of an LSTM-based deep learning network machine learning (ML) architecture for capturing and predicting the behavior of the systemic error for storm surge forecast models with respect to real-world water height observations from gauge stations during hurricane events. The overall goal of this work is to predict the systemic error of the physics model and use it to improve the accuracy of the simulation results post factum. We trained our proposed ML model on a dataset of 61 historical storms in the coastal regions of the U.S. and we tested its performance in bias correcting modeled water level data predictions from hurricane Ian (2022). We show that our model can consistently improve the forecasting accuracy for hurricane Ian -- unknown to the ML model -- at all gauge station coordinates used for the initial data. Moreover, by examining the impact of using different subsets of the initial training dataset, containing a number of relatively similar or different hurricanes in terms of hurricane track, we found that we can obtain similar quality of bias correction by only using a subset of six hurricanes. This is an important result that implies the possibility to apply a pre-trained ML model to real-time hurricane forecasting results with the goal of bias correcting and improving the produced simulation accuracy. The presented work is an important first step in creating a bias correction system for real-time storm surge forecasting applicable to the full simulation area. It also presents a highly transferable and operationally applicable methodology for improving the accuracy in a wide range of physics simulation scenarios beyond storm surge forecasting.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种机器学习框架,用于预测并校正基于物理的风暴潮模型中的系统性误差。
  • 通过将学习到的偏差校正应用于模拟输出,事后提升预报精度。
  • 评估是否可使用一小部分具有代表性的历史风暴,实现与全数据集训练相当的性能。
  • 实现在实时风暴潮预报系统中偏差校正的业务化部署。
  • 证明该方法在风暴潮建模之外的其他物理模拟场景中也具备可迁移性。

提出的方法

  • 模型使用长短期记忆(LSTM)网络学习观测水位与模拟水位之间时间偏移序列中的时间模式。
  • 偏移量通过NOAA/USGS水位计观测的水位与ADCIRC模拟水位之间的差值计算得出。
  • 采用滑动窗口方法将偏移序列转换为监督学习的训练样本。
  • 在模型训练前对数据进行标准化处理,并划分为训练集与验证集。
  • 模型在61个历史飓风上进行训练,并在未参与训练的2022年飓风伊恩上进行测试。
  • 通过比较校正后预测结果('Modeled+ML')与原始模型输出('Modeled')的R²值及可视化分析,评估模型性能,覆盖多个水位计站点。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1基于LSTM的模型能否有效利用历史偏移数据预测风暴潮预报中的系统性误差?
  • RQ2当模型在飓风数量减少的子集上进行训练时,尤其是当这些子集风暴路径与目标风暴具有多样性时,模型性能如何变化?
  • RQ3在多大程度上,一个小型但具有代表性的风暴子集(例如六场)可实现与全数据集训练相当的性能?
  • RQ4模型在不同预测时长下是否保持鲁棒性,包括长达18小时的预测窗口?
  • RQ5该模型是否可实现实时预报中的业务化部署,且仅需极少重新训练和低计算开销?

主要发现

  • 对于飓风伊恩的ADCIRC模拟水位,LSTM模型在6小时以内的预测窗口中R² > 0.9,18小时预测窗口的R²约为0.7–0.8。
  • 将机器学习预测的偏移量应用于模型输出('Modeled+ML')后,绝大多数水位计站点的预报精度相比原始模型有显著提升。
  • 仅使用六场与飓风伊恩路径具有多样性的飓风作为训练子集,即可在9小时及更长的预测窗口中实现与全61场风暴数据集训练相当的偏差校正性能,且统计上无显著差异。
  • Mann-Whitney U检验(原文为Wilcoxon signed-rank test)证实,在多种输入窗口尺寸下,全数据集与六风暴子集模型的R²性能无统计学显著差异。
  • 训练时间与数据点数量及输入窗口大小均呈线性关系,表明计算成本可预测且可控。
  • 该模型展现出业务化应用潜力,因其仅依赖历史偏移数据,无需实时重新运行物理模型。

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