[论文解读] Stretched Exponential Relaxation of Glasses: Origin of the Mixed Alkali Effect
本研究揭示,混合碱硅酸盐玻璃在室温下的长期松弛行为源于由局部应力结构不稳定性驱动的扩散-捕获机制,其能量松弛与体积松弛的拉伸指数分别为 β = 3/5 和 β = 3/7。当碱金属离子浓度相等时,松弛速率最大,这是由于应力大小与浓度之间达到最佳平衡。
Although it is indeed commonly believed that, as frozen supercooled liquids, glasses should continue to flow over the years (e.g., in the case of the stained-glass windows of medieval cathedrals), the dramatic increase of their viscosity below the glass transition temperature suggests, on the contrary, that their relaxation time is on the order of 10$^{32}$ years at room temperature. However, a recent study conducted by Mauro et al. reported the intriguing dynamics of the relaxation of a commercial Corning Gorilla Glass at room temperature, over 1.5 years. Here, we report a novel atomistic simulation method allowing us to directly access the long-term (years) dynamics of glass relaxation at room temperature. Based on the simulation of a series of mixed alkali silicate glasses, we demonstrate that room-temperature relaxation is a direct consequence of the mixed alkali effect. Although both volume and energy feature a stretched exponential relaxation, our results reveal a bifurcation of the stretching exponents, with $β$ = 3/5 and 3/7 for energy and volume relaxation, respectively. Relaxation is found to occur through the diffusion of local stressed structural instabilities inside the atomic network, which anneal each other when a compressed atomic unit meets one that is under tension. The driving force for such diffusion-trap relaxation mechanism is found to be at a maximum when the concentrations of each alkali atom equal each other, which arises from a balance between the concentration of each alkali atom and the magnitude of the local stress that they undergo.
研究动机与目标
- 理解混合碱硅酸盐玻璃在室温下长期结构松弛的起源。
- 研究混合碱效应在调控松弛动力学中的作用。
- 确定玻璃中拉伸指数松弛背后的微观机制。
- 量化松弛行为对碱金属离子浓度平衡的依赖性。
- 建立局部原子应力与宏观松弛行为之间的联系。
提出的方法
- 采用原子尺度分子动力学模拟,在长时间尺度(数年)内对混合碱硅酸盐玻璃进行建模。
- 模拟追踪了结构演化、能量和体积变化,以评估松弛行为。
- 识别出一种扩散-捕获机制,其中受应力的结构单元发生迁移,并在相互作用时发生弛豫。
- 通过拟合拉伸指数函数,提取了能量和体积松弛的拉伸指数 β。
- 系统分析了碱金属离子浓度比对松弛速率的影响。
- 将松弛的驱动力与局部应力和碱金属浓度之间的平衡联系起来。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1为何在室温下混合碱玻璃中观察到拉伸指数松弛?
- RQ2混合碱效应如何影响玻璃的长期结构松弛?
- RQ3导致混合碱硅酸盐玻璃松弛的微观机制是什么?
- RQ4为何当碱金属离子浓度相等时,松弛速率最大?
- RQ5能量松弛与体积松弛在拉伸指数和动力学行为上存在哪些差异?
主要发现
- 室温下混合碱硅酸盐玻璃的松弛遵循拉伸指数函数,其能量松弛和体积松弛的拉伸指数分别为 β = 3/5 和 β = 3/7。
- 该松弛机制由原子网络中局部受应力的结构不稳定性发生迁移并相互湮灭所驱动。
- 当两种碱金属离子浓度相等时,松弛速率最大,这是由于应力大小与浓度之间达到最佳平衡。
- 在等摩尔碱金属浓度下,扩散-捕获过程的驱动力最强,从而解释了松弛动力学的峰值现象。
- 模拟直接访问了长达数年的动力学行为,证实室温下的松弛是这些玻璃中真实且可测量的现象。
- 研究结果基于局部原子应力与离子浓度的相互作用,为混合碱效应提供了一个统一的解释。
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