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[论文解读] Strong coupling between a single-photon and a two-photon Fock state

Shuai-Peng Wang, Alberto Mercurio|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 5, 2024
Mechanical and Optical Resonators被引用 4
一句话总结

该论文通过使用非共振通量量子比特作为非线性耦合器,在超强耦合的电路量子电动力学系统中,实现了单光子与双光子 Fock 态之间的强耦合。实验观测到了类似量子 Rabi 的反交叉结构,并在平均光子数低于一个的条件下实现了二次谐波生成,从而在无外部驱动场的情况下实现了确定性的、相干的光子-光子相互作用。

ABSTRACT

The realization of strong nonlinear coupling between single photons has been a long-standing goal in quantum optics and quantum information science, promising wide impact applications, such as all-optical deterministic quantum logic and single-photon frequency conversion. Here, we report an experimental observation of the strong coupling between a single-photon and a two-photon Fock state in an ultrastrongly-coupled circuit-QED system. This strong nonlinear interaction is realized by introducing a detuned flux qubit working as an effective coupler between two modes of a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. The ultrastrong light--matter interaction breaks the excitation number conservation, and an external flux bias breaks the parity conservation. The combined effect of the two enables the strong one--two-photon coupling. Quantum Rabi-like avoided crossing is resolved when tuning the two-photon resonance frequency of the first mode across the single-photon resonance frequency of the second mode. Within this new photonic regime, we observe the thresholdless second harmonic generation for a mean photon number below one. Our results represent a key step towards a new regime of quantum nonlinear optics, where individual photons can deterministically and coherently interact with each other in the absence of any stimulating fields.

研究动机与目标

  • 在超导电路量子电动力学平台上实现单光子与双光子 Fock 态之间的强非线性耦合。
  • 克服传统光学介质中单光子水平下光子-光子相互作用可忽略不计的挑战。
  • 在无外部激励场或原子激发的情况下,实现单个光子之间的确定性、相干相互作用。
  • 探索一种新的量子非线性光学领域,其中单个光子可通过超强光-物质耦合相干相互作用。
  • 在平均光子数低于一个的条件下实现二次谐波生成,表明存在强有效的光子-光子相互作用。

提出的方法

  • 采用具有两个不同模式(n=1 和 n=2)的超导平面波导谐振器,通过非共振通量量子比特作为有效非线性耦合器实现耦合。
  • 利用具有优化约瑟夫森能和电荷能的三结通量量子比特,以实现超强耦合并打破激发数守恒。
  • 施加外部通量偏置以破坏宇称对称性,从而实现偶数和奇数光子态之间的跃迁。
  • 设计系统以在反交叉点使本征态 |2,0,g⟩ 与 |0,1,g⟩ 之间的跃迁矩阵元大小相当,从而实现强有效耦合。
  • 使用广义主方程和基于本征态的输入-输出关系,对超强耦合区域的时间演化和场动力学进行建模。
  • 通过微波光谱技术分辨单光子与双光子共振之间的反交叉结构,证实了强耦合。
Figure 1: $|$ Setup. a, Schematic of the device. A flux qubit embedded in a ${\lambda}/{2}$ coplanar waveguide resonator, working as a nonlinear coupler between two modes of the resonator. The dashed cyan lines represent the vacuum current distribution of the $n=1$ ( ${\lambda}/{2}$ ) and $n=2$ ( $\
Figure 1: $|$ Setup. a, Schematic of the device. A flux qubit embedded in a ${\lambda}/{2}$ coplanar waveguide resonator, working as a nonlinear coupler between two modes of the resonator. The dashed cyan lines represent the vacuum current distribution of the $n=1$ ( ${\lambda}/{2}$ ) and $n=2$ ( $\

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否在电路量子电动力学系统中实验实现单光子 Fock 态与双光子 Fock 态之间的强耦合?
  • RQ2超强光-物质耦合与宇称破坏在实现单光子水平下有效光子-光子相互作用中起什么作用?
  • RQ3能否在平均光子数低于一个的条件下观测到二次谐波生成,从而表明光子的确定性融合?
  • RQ4有效耦合强度与损耗相比如何?单光子到光子对转换的近似单位效率潜力如何?
  • RQ5广义量子 Rabi 哈密顿量在多大程度上能够描述超强耦合区域的观测动力学?

主要发现

  • 实验观测到第二模式的单光子共振与第一模式的双光子共振之间存在清晰的类似量子 Rabi 的反交叉结构,证实了强耦合。
  • 在平均光子数低于一个的条件下观测到二次谐波生成,表明单光子可确定性、相干地融合为光子对。
  • 有效耦合强度 $ g_{\rm eff} $ 足够大,可实现周期为 $ T_R = 2\pi / g_{\rm eff} $ 的 Rabi 振荡,表明具有接近 100% 转换效率的潜力。
  • 由于超强耦合和宇称破坏,系统表现出偶数与奇数光子态的同时混合,这是广义量子 Rabi 模型的典型特征。
  • 关键态 |2,0,g⟩ 与 |0,1,g⟩ 之间的跃迁矩阵元大小相近(~1),尽管存在较大失谐,仍可实现强有效耦合。
  • 结果展示了一种新的量子非线性光学领域,其中单个光子可在无外部驱动或原子激发的情况下相干相互作用,从而实现确定性的量子光学操作。
Figure 2: $|$ Quantum Rabi-like splitting. Quantum Rabi-like splitting between a single photon and a photon pair. The left part in each panel (negative flux offset) reports the measured spectra. The corresponding calculated spectra are reported for positive flux offset (right), using the parity symm
Figure 2: $|$ Quantum Rabi-like splitting. Quantum Rabi-like splitting between a single photon and a photon pair. The left part in each panel (negative flux offset) reports the measured spectra. The corresponding calculated spectra are reported for positive flux offset (right), using the parity symm

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