[论文解读] Supersonic turbulent channel flows over two and three dimensional sinusoidal rough walls
本研究采用浸入边界法的直接数值模拟,研究了马赫数1.5、平均雷诺数3000条件下,具有二维和三维正弦形拓扑结构的等温粗糙壁面的超音速湍流通道流。结果表明,二维粗糙度产生强烈的斜激波,导致湍流生成和熵增增强;而三维粗糙度仅产生微弱的激波团,热不可逆生成较低,因此二维情况的温度分布更高。
Direct numerical simulations were performed to study supersonic turbulent channel flows over isothermal rough walls. The effect of roughness was incorporated using a newly proposed immersed boundary method. The method uses a level-set/volume-of-fluid field to impose appropriate boundary conditions at the fluid-solid interface. Turbulence statistics of five channel flows (at a Mach number of 1.5 and a bulk Reynolds number of 3000) are compared, including one reference case with both walls smooth and four cases with smooth top walls and rough bottom walls. The four cases differ in the geometry of the roughness, including two 2-dimensional (2D) and two 3-dimensional (3D) sinusoidal waves. Results reveal a strong dependence of the turbulence on the roughness topography and the associated shock patterns. Specifically, the 2D geometries generate strong oblique shock waves that propagate across the channel height and are reflected back to the rough-wall side. These strong shocks are absent for cases with 3D roughness geometries, replaced by weak shocklets. At the impingement locations of the shocks on the top wall in the 2D cases, localized augmentations of turbulence shear production are observed. Such regions of augmented production also exist for the 3D cases, though the augmentation is much weaker. The oblique shock waves are thought to be responsible for a higher entropy generation for cases with 2D surfaces than those with 3D ones, which results in a higher irreversible heat generation and consequently higher temperature profiles for 2D cases compared to the 3D ones.
研究动机与目标
- 研究二维和三维正弦形粗糙度拓扑结构对超音速湍流通道流的影响。
- 理解二维与三维粗糙度几何形状在激波特性和湍流统计量方面的差异。
- 量化粗糙度引起的激波特性和对熵生成及温度分布的影响。
- 评估新型浸入边界方法在解析超音速流中复杂流固界面方面的性能。
提出的方法
- 在马赫数1.5和平均雷诺数3000条件下,对五种通道流情况进行了直接数值模拟(DNS)。
- 采用一种新型浸入边界方法,利用水平集和体积分数场在流体-固体界面处施加边界条件。
- 该方法能准确捕捉具有复杂二维和三维正弦形几何结构的粗糙壁面上的无滑移和等温条件。
- 对五种情况(包括一个光滑壁面参考案例)的湍流统计量、激波特性和熵生成进行了分析。
- 模拟框架以高空间和时间分辨率求解完整的纳维-斯托克斯方程,以捕捉激波-湍流相互作用。
- 分析了激波模式及其在上壁面的撞击,以将其与局部湍流生成联系起来。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1二维和三维正弦形粗糙度几何形状如何影响超音速湍流通道流中激波的形成与传播?
- RQ2斜激波在粗糙壁面附近增强湍流剪切生成的作用是什么?
- RQ3粗糙度的拓扑结构如何影响超音速流中的熵生成和不可逆热传递?
- RQ4为何二维粗糙度表面导致的温度分布高于三维粗糙度表面?
- RQ5三维粗糙度情况下的激波团在强度和结构上与二维情况下的强斜激波有多大差异?
主要发现
- 二维正弦形粗糙度产生强烈的斜激波,其在通道内传播并反射向粗糙壁面,而三维粗糙度仅产生微弱的激波团。
- 二维情况下,斜激波在上壁面的撞击点处形成局部湍流剪切生成增强区域。
- 三维情况下湍流生成也有所增强,但增幅显著弱于二维情况。
- 二维情况下强激波的存在导致更高的熵生成和更大的不可逆热生成,相较于三维情况。
- 因此,由于热不可逆性增加,二维粗糙度导致的温度分布高于三维粗糙度。
- 新型浸入边界方法成功以高保真度捕捉了流固界面处复杂的激波-湍流相互作用。
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