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[论文解读] Survey techniques, detection probabilities, and the relative abundance of the carnivore guild on the Apostle Islands (2014-2016)

Maximilian L. Allen, Bryn E. Evans|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 31, 2017
Wildlife Ecology and Conservation参考文献 36被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究于2014至2016年在阿普第斯群岛国家湖滨区的13座岛屿上开展系统性相机陷阱调查,评估食肉动物的探测概率、相对丰度及物种丰富度。研究发现食肉动物的占据率与丰度存在显著差异,黑熊最为常见,狼的探测率最低,而岛屿面积和距大陆的距离是预测食肉动物丰富度的最佳指标(R² = 0.92)。

ABSTRACT

Carnivores are important components of ecosystems with wide-ranging effects on ecological communities.We studied the carnivore community in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS), where the presence, distribution, and populations of carnivores was largely unknown. We developed a systematic method to deploy camera traps across a grid while targeting fine-scale features to maximize carnivore detection (Appendix 1), including systematic methods for organizing and tagging the photo data (Appendix 2). We deployed 88 cameras on 13 islands from 2014-2016. We collected 92,694 photographs across 18,721 trap nights, including 3,591 wildlife events and 1,070 carnivore events. We had a mean of 6.6 cameras per island (range 2-30), and our camera density averaged 1.23 (range 0.74-3.08) cameras/ km2. We detected 27 species and 10 terrestrial carnivores, including surprising detections of American martens (Martes americana) and gray wolves (Canis lupus). The mean richness of carnivores on an island was 3.23 (range 0-10). The best single variable to explain carnivore richness on the Apostle Islands was island size, while the best model was island size (positive correlation) and distance from mainland (negative correlation) (R2 = 0.92). Relative abundances for carnivores ranged from a low of 0.01 for weasels (Mustela spp.) to a high of 2.64 for black bears (Ursus americanus), and the relative abundance of a species was significantly correlated with the number of islands on which they were found. Carnivore occupancy ranged from lows of 0.09 for gray wolves and 0.11 for weasels to a high of 0.82 for black bears. Fuller understanding of APIS ecology will require on-going monitoring of carnivores to evaluate temporal dynamics as well as related ecological evaluations (e.g. small mammal dynamics, plant community dynamics) to understand trophic effects.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估阿普第斯群岛食肉动物的相对丰度与探测概率。
  • 评估系统性相机陷阱在偏远群岛群中探测隐秘食肉动物物种的有效性。
  • 识别影响岛屿生境中食肉动物分布与丰富度的环境因子。
  • 记录该地区此前未记录或稀有的物种,如美洲水鼬(Martes americana)和灰狼(Canis lupus)。
  • 为阿普第斯群岛国家湖滨区长期食肉动物监测与生态评估建立基线。

提出的方法

  • 在13座岛屿上以系统性网格设计部署88台相机陷阱,以最大化探测效率。
  • 采用精细化空间定位与标准化照片管理协议(附录1和2),确保数据一致性。
  • 在18,721个相机夜内共收集92,694张照片,识别出3,591起野生动物事件与1,070起食肉动物事件。
  • 利用相机位点数据与占据模型计算探测概率与相对丰度。
  • 应用多尺度模型,将岛屿面积与距大陆距离作为食肉动物出现的预测因子。
  • 使用R²与模型拟合统计量评估环境变量对食肉动物丰富度的解释力。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1利用相机陷阱,阿普第斯群岛食肉动物的相对丰度与探测概率如何?
  • RQ2岛屿面积与距大陆的距离如何影响食肉动物的物种丰富度与占据率?
  • RQ3阿普第斯群岛存在哪些食肉动物物种?是否存在意外或此前未记录的发现?
  • RQ4系统性相机陷阱在岛屿生态系统中探测低密度或隐秘食肉动物物种方面效果如何?
  • RQ5所观察到的模式对长期食肉动物监测与生态系统管理有何启示?

主要发现

  • 本研究共检测到10种陆生食肉动物,包括稀有或出人意料的物种,如美洲水鼬(Martes americana)与灰狼(Canis lupus)。
  • 黑熊(Ursus americanus)的相对丰度最高(2.64),而黄鼠狼(Mustela spp.)最低(0.01)。
  • 食肉动物占据率范围为灰狼的0.09至黑熊的0.82,表明顶级捕食者与小型食肉动物探测率均较低。
  • 岛屿面积是食肉动物丰富度的最强单一预测因子,包含岛屿面积与距大陆距离的模型R²达到0.92。
  • 每座岛屿的食肉动物平均数量为3.23只,每座岛屿检测到的物种数范围为0至10种。
  • 相机密度平均为1.23台/km²(范围0.74–3.08),平均每岛屿部署6.6台相机。

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