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[论文解读] Swamplandish Unification of the Dark Sector

Cumrun Vafa|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 1, 2024
Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life被引用 6
一句话总结

论文基于 Swampland 原理,认为一个额外的介观维度(暗维)解释小的暗能量并将暗能量与暗物质统一为暗维中的引力子,预测微米尺度的额外维度以及一个衰减的 KK 引力子暗物质塔,与 ΛCDM 不同。

ABSTRACT

We provide a short overview of recent progress made in our understanding of the dark sector based on the Swampland program which in turn is rooted in lessons from string theory. We explain how the existence of one extra mesoscopic dimension (the ``dark dimension") in the micron range emerges and how this can lead to a unification of the dark energy and dark matter. In particular the smallness of the dark energy leads to the prediction of the existence of a tower of weakly interacting light particles which can naturally play the role of dark matter. Moreover this unifies dark matter with gravity as dark matter ends up being excitations of graviton in the dark dimension. We also explain how in combination with other Swampland principles one finds an explanation of the ``why now" and the ``cosmological coincidence" problems. This model is consistent with the cosmological bounds as well as the Newton's inverse square law, but makes predictions which differ from $Λ$CDM. It also gives rise to an appealing picture of hierarchy of scales in particle physics pegged to the dark energy, including a possible origin of the electroweak hierarchy and the prediction of masses of QCD axion and sterile neutrinos both in the 1-10 meV range. This review is intended for a broad audience of high energy theorists and cosmologists without prior knowledge of string theory and it explains the motivations and predictions of this program in a non-technical form.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用弦理论探针,从 Swampland 计划出发,激发自然性和 UV/IR 混合的讨论。
  • 从微小的暗能量尺度预测一个单一的微米尺度额外维(暗维)。
  • 提出通过一组轻 KK/引力子态来统一暗能量和暗物质。
  • 描述来自 bulk-brane 耦合的宇宙学后果和一个动态暗物质机制。
  • 概述实验前景,尤其是在微米尺度上测试牛顿平方反射定律。

提出的方法

  • 将距离猜想(distance conjecture)和德西特/ Bulk Swampland 猜想应用于我们的宇宙,以推断具有质量 m ~ Λ^a 的轻态塔以及一个 R ∼ Λ^(-1/4) 的轻维度。
  • 论证标准模型场被限制在一个 3+1 维的膜中,处于一个 (3+n)+1 维的空间中,其中 n 个微米尺度的维度来自于与 ISL 测试和对撞机界限的一致性。
  • 使用引力强耦合来估计向 bulk KK 引力子的能量泄漏,并推导在辐射支配时期的暗物质产生。
  • 推导 KK 暗引力子的宇宙学演化,包括衰变速率 Γ ~ m^3/M_p^2 和随时间演化的质量 m(t) ~ t^(-7/2)。
  • 通过标量关系将初始温度 Teff 与观测到的暗物质丰度和宇宙学巧合联系起来,例如 y_DM ~ T_i^3 Λ^(-1/4)。
  • 讨论来自 ISL 测试、neutron star 边界以及 CMB/BBN 考虑的实验约束。
Figure -1079 : As we go to extreme values of field space, a tower of light particles emerge whose mass scales exponentially with field space distance.
Figure -1079 : As we go to extreme values of field space, a tower of light particles emerge whose mass scales exponentially with field space distance.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1Swampland 约束是否可以自然预测一个微米尺度的暗维?
  • RQ2一组 KK 引力子塔是否提供一个可行的、弱相互作用的暗物质候选者,并能与暗能量统一?
  • RQ3这样一个 KK 引力子暗领域的宇宙学意义和衰变信号是什么?
  • RQ4哪些实验测试(特别是 ISL 偏差)可以证实或否证暗维情景?
  • RQ5在该框架下,Swampland 猜想如何解决“为何现在”以及宇宙巧合问题?

主要发现

  • 预测一个额外的介观维在微米量级(R ≳ 88 μm),与 ISL 测试和表征一致。
  • 一组轻的 KK/引力子态提供一个自然的暗物质候选者,与暗能量统一。
  • 暗物质通过 SM-膜对 Bulk 引力子的耦合产生,并以 Γ ~ m^3/M_p^2 的衰变形式演化为一个动态暗物质塔。
  • 如今的暗物质质量预计在 50–100 keV 范围内,是从初始 GeV 量级质量演化而来。
  • 预测包括在 1–10 μm 尺度处的 ISL 偏差,以及衰变产物的微小冲量速度,这可能影响结构形成。
  • 该模型通过将 T_i、Λ 与 T_DE 联系起来的缩放关系,为宇宙巧合提供解释。
Figure -1078 : The standard model brane, which is localized in the micron scale 5-th dimension, radiates gravitons into bulk, which serve as KK dark matter. Most of the initial dark matter distribution is at a mass close to the initial temperature.
Figure -1078 : The standard model brane, which is localized in the micron scale 5-th dimension, radiates gravitons into bulk, which serve as KK dark matter. Most of the initial dark matter distribution is at a mass close to the initial temperature.

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