[论文解读] The 2008 outburst in the young stellar system ZCMa: I. Evidence of an enhanced bipolar wind on the AU-scale
利用2008年Z CMa爆发期间VLTI/AMBER的干涉观测,该研究在赫比格Be星的天文单位尺度内区检测到一个双极喷流,光谱-天体测量和可见度数据排除了开普勒盘或吸积模型。爆发后布拉格γ线的消失表明爆发是由质量喷射增强而非尘埃遮蔽引起的,暗示大质量年轻恒星中高吸积率与强喷流之间存在关联。
Accretion is a fundamental process in star formation. Although the time evolution of accretion remains a matter of debate, observations and modelling studies suggest that episodic outbursts of strong accretion may dominate the formation of the protostar. Observing young stellar objects during these elevated accretion states is crucial to understanding the origin of unsteady accretion. ZCMa is a pre-main-sequence binary system composed of an embedded Herbig Be star, undergoing photometric outbursts, and a FU Orionis star. The Herbig Be component recently underwent its largest optical photometric outburst detected so far. We aim to constrain the origin of this outburst by studying the emission region of the HI Brackett gamma line, a powerful tracer of accretion/ejection processes on the AU-scale in young stars. Using the AMBER/VLTI instrument at spectral resolutions of 1500 and 12 000, we performed spatially and spectrally resolved interferometric observations of the hot gas emitting across the Brackett gamma emission line, during and after the outburst. From the visibilities and differential phases, we derive characteristic sizes for the Brackett gamma emission and spectro-astrometric measurements across the line, with respect to the continuum. We find that the line profile, the astrometric signal, and the visibilities are inconsistent with the signature of either a Keplerian disk or infall of matter. They are, instead, evidence of a bipolar wind, maybe partly seen through a disk hole inside the dust sublimation radius. The disappearance of the Brackett gamma emission line after the outburst suggests that the outburst is related to a period of strong mass loss rather than a change of the extinction along the line of sight. Based on these conclusions, we speculate that the origin of the outburst is an event of enhanced mass accretion, similar to those occuring in EX Ors and FU Ors.
研究动机与目标
- 调查Z CMa双星系统在90年来观测到的最大光变爆发的成因。
- 约束HI布拉格γ线发射的热气体在天文单位尺度上的物理条件和几何结构,该线是吸积和喷流过程的关键示踪剂。
- 确定爆发是由消光变化还是吸积-喷流活动的内在变化引起。
- 利用高光谱和高空间分辨率的干涉测量技术,检验赫比格Be星最内层环境是否具有盘-风或恒星风结构。
- 通过分析极端吸积状态期间布拉格γ线的响应,评估质量吸积和喷流在大质量年轻恒星中的作用。
提出的方法
- 使用甚大望远镜干涉仪(VLTI)上的AMBER仪器,在光谱分辨率1500和12,000下进行空间和光谱分辨的干涉观测。
- 测量布拉格γ发射线范围内的可见度和差分相位,以推导发射区域的特征尺寸和空间偏移。
- 应用光谱-天体测量法检测红移和蓝移线成分之间的微小位移,表明存在不对称的发射结构。
- 将布拉格γ线发射的空间和光谱特征与连续谱进行比较,以隔离发射气体的位置和运动学。
- 利用观测到的天体测量信号和可见度调制,排除开普勒盘和吸积模型,支持双极喷流几何结构。
- 结合现有巴尔末线吸收和CO倍频发射的数据,推断质量吸积率和喷流特性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1Z CMa在2008年的光变爆发是由于尘埃遮蔽还是吸积/喷流增强所致?
- RQ2爆发期间布拉格γ线发射的热气体的几何结构和运动学特征是什么?
- RQ3发射区域是否与开普勒盘、吸积物质或双极喷流一致?
- RQ4爆发后布拉格γ线的消失如何揭示该事件的物理机制?
- RQ5观测到的干涉特征能否由盘-风或恒星风模型解释,这对大质量年轻恒星的吸积-喷流耦合意味着什么?
主要发现
- 布拉格γ线轮廓、天体测量信号和可见度数据与开普勒盘或吸积模型不一致,反而表明存在双极喷流结构。
- 红移和蓝移成分之间的光谱-天体测量位移证实了发射的不对称性,支持通过盘孔观测到的双极几何结构。
- 布拉格γ发射区域的特征尺寸与尘埃亚苏尔半径一致,表明发射位于最内层盘空腔内部。
- 布拉格γ发射线在爆发后消失,表明该线发射是瞬态的,与爆发阶段相关,而非永久特征。
- 该爆发并非由于视线方向消光变化所致,因为线的消失并未伴随连续谱流量的变化。
- 结果表明,爆发是由质量吸积的突然增加触发的,导致产生强而瞬态的双极喷流,类似于低质量恒星中的EXors和FUors。
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