[论文解读] The Brussels Effect and Artificial Intelligence: How EU regulation will impact the global AI market

Charlotte Siegmann, Markus Anderljung|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 23, 2022

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property被引用 24

一句话总结

本论文分析欧盟人工智能法规如何通过布鲁塞尔效应的既有事实效果（de facto）和法定性效果（de jure）在全球扩散，聚焦EU AI Act及其对非欧盟产品和其他司法管辖区潜在影响。

ABSTRACT

The European Union is likely to introduce among the first, most stringent, and most comprehensive AI regulatory regimes of the world's major jurisdictions. In this report, we ask whether the EU's upcoming regulation for AI will diffuse globally, producing a so-called "Brussels Effect". Building on and extending Anu Bradford's work, we outline the mechanisms by which such regulatory diffusion may occur. We consider both the possibility that the EU's AI regulation will incentivise changes in products offered in non-EU countries (a de facto Brussels Effect) and the possibility it will influence regulation adopted by other jurisdictions (a de jure Brussels Effect). Focusing on the proposed EU AI Act, we tentatively conclude that both de facto and de jure Brussels effects are likely for parts of the EU regulatory regime. A de facto effect is particularly likely to arise in large US tech companies with AI systems that the AI Act terms "high-risk". We argue that the upcoming regulation might be particularly important in offering the first and most influential operationalisation of what it means to develop and deploy trustworthy or human-centred AI. If the EU regime is likely to see significant diffusion, ensuring it is well-designed becomes a matter of global importance.

研究动机与目标

• 推动研究欧盟人工智能法规是否会在全球扩散。
• 将布拉德福德的布鲁塞尔效应框架扩展到AI监管。
• 评估欧盟AI法案在事实性与法定性监管扩散的机制。
• 评估EU体制中哪些部分最有可能扩散以及原因。

提出的方法

• 以安努·布拉德福德的布鲁塞尔效应框架为基础，探讨监管扩散。
• 勾勒欧盟AI监管可能影响全球市场与政策的机制。
• 聚焦拟议的EU AI法案以评估扩散机会。
• 论证在拥有高风险AI系统的大型美国科技公司中的扩散潜力。
• 讨论对可信任和以人为本的AI部署的影响。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 欧盟AI监管是否会通过改变非欧盟国家的产品供给而产生事实上的布鲁塞尔效应？
• RQ2 欧盟AI监管是否会影响其他司法辖区采取类似规则（法定布鲁塞尔效应）？
• RQ3 EU AI法案的哪些部分最有可能在全球扩散，且通过何种机制？
• RQ4 扩散如何影响可信任或以人为本的AI的落地实施？

主要发现

• 欧盟监管体系的部分领域既可能出现事实上的布鲁塞尔效应，也可能出现法定的布鲁塞尔效应。
• 对于被该法案认定为高风险的AI系统的大型美国科技公司，事实性效应尤为可能。
• 欧盟体制可能成为首个也是最具影响力的可信任或以人为本的AI的操作化。
• 欧盟体制的全球扩散将使其设计和执行在全球具有重要意义。
• 本文强调确保欧盟体制设计良好在全球政策中的相关性。