[论文解读] The complexity of approximating complex-valued Ising and Tutte partition functions with applications to quantum simulation.
本文使用组合方法对具有复参数的伊辛模型和图 Tutte 分区函数的近似问题进行了全面的复杂性分类,证明了在特定点上范数近似和符号计算的 #P-难问题。该研究通过展示经典复杂性超越 BQP-难问题,强化了先前的量子复杂性结果,为通过分区函数模拟量子计算的经典困难性提供了新见解。
We study the complexity of approximately evaluating the Ising and Tutte partition functions with complex parameters. Our results are partly motivated by the study of the quantum complexity classes BQP and IQP. Recent results show how to encode quantum computations as evaluations of classical partition functions. These results rely on interesting and deep results about quantum computation in order to obtain hardness results about the difficulty of (classically) evaluating the partition functions for certain fixed parameters. The motivation for this paper is to study more comprehensively the complexity of (classically) approximating the Ising and Tutte partition functions with complex parameters. Partition functions are combinatorial in nature and quantifying their approximation complexity does not require a detailed understanding of quantum computation. Using combinatorial arguments, we give the first full classification of the complexity of multiplicatively approximating the norm and additively approximating the argument of the Ising partition function for complex edge interactions (as well as of approximating the partition function according to a natural complex metric). We also study the norm approximation problem in the presence of external fields, for which we give a complete dichotomy when the parameters are roots of unity. Previous results were known just for a few such points, and we strengthen these results from BQP-hardness to #P-hardness. Moreover, we show that computing the sign of the Tutte polynomial is #P-hard at certain points related to the simulation of BQP. Using our classifications, we then revisit the connections to quantum computation, drawing conclusions that are a little different from (and incomparable to) ones in the quantum literature, but along similar lines.
研究动机与目标
- 独立于量子计算细节,全面分类具有复参数的伊辛模型和图 Tutte 分区函数近似的经典复杂性。
- 将先前关于 BQP-难问题的结果扩展至更强的 #P-难问题,适用于特定参数点上的范数近似和符号计算。
- 当参数为单位根时,为带有外场的伊辛分区函数的范数近似提供完整的二分法分类。
- 使用纯粹的组合技术重新评估经典分区函数近似与量子复杂性类(如 BQP 和 IQP)之间的联系。
提出的方法
- 使用组合论证分析复参数下伊辛模型和图 Tutte 分区函数的结构。
- 应用代数与复杂性理论技术,对分区函数的范数和幅角近似的难度进行分类。
- 采用二分法框架,根据参数是否为单位根来分类复杂性。
- 利用已知的量子计算结果作为参考,但在证明经典难问题时不依赖于量子理论。
- 引入一种自然的复数度量用于分区函数近似,统一范数与幅角的近似。
- 通过保持近似复杂性的约化,将问题归约为已知的 #P-完全问题。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1对于哪些复数边相互作用参数,伊辛分区函数的范数难以近似?
- RQ2当参数为单位根时,带有外场的伊辛分区函数的幅角加法近似复杂性如何?
- RQ3与 BQP 模拟相关的点上,图 Tutte 多项式的符号计算是否为 #P-难问题?
- RQ4是否可以在不依赖量子计算理论的前提下,确立近似复分区函数的经典难问题?
- RQ5不同近似度量下,伊辛模型和图 Tutte 分区函数的复杂性分类如何比较?
主要发现
- 本文在参数为单位根时,为带有外场的伊辛分区函数的范数近似建立了完整的二分法,证明了在某些点上为 #P-难问题。
- 证明了在与 BQP 模拟相关的特定点上,图 Tutte 多项式的符号计算为 #P-难问题,强化了先前的 BQP-难问题结果。
- 通过组合方法,完全分类了具有复数边相互作用的伊辛分区函数的范数近似问题,且在一大类参数下均存在难解性。
- 研究表明,先前关于分区函数近似的 BQP-难问题结果可被强化为 #P-难问题,表明其具有更深的经典不可解性。
- 作者证明了在一种自然复数度量下,分区函数近似的复杂性被完全分类,解决了该领域中的开放问题。
- 该研究揭示,经典分区函数复杂性结果可在无需详细量子理论的前提下,为理解量子计算复杂性提供洞见。
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