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[论文解读] The Convergence of eQTL Mapping, Heritability Estimation and Polygenic Modeling: Emerging Spectrum of Risk Variation in Bipolar Disorder

Eric R. Gamazon, Hae Kyung Im|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 25, 2013
Genetic Associations and Epidemiology参考文献 31被引用 8
一句话总结

本研究整合了eQTL作图、遗传力估计和多基因建模,以揭示双相情感障碍(BD)的功能遗传结构。通过分析尸检脑组织(小脑和顶叶皮层)中的顺式-eQTL,作者发现这些调控变异捕获了来自GWAS数据估计的超过一半的SNP遗传力,且在疾病相关SNP中显著富集,并在多基因风险评分中表现出强大的预测能力,揭示了BD易感性的高度组织特异性和功能可解释的遗传基础。

ABSTRACT

It is widely held that a substantial genetic component underlies Bipolar Disorder (BD) and other neuropsychiatric disease traits. Recent efforts have been aimed at understanding the genetic basis of disease susceptibility, with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) unveiling some promising associations. Nevertheless, the genetic etiology of BD remains elusive with a substantial proportion of the heritability - which has been estimated to be 80% based on twin and family studies - unaccounted for by the specific genetic variants identified by large-scale GWAS. Furthermore, functional understanding of associated loci generally lags discovery. Studies we report here provide considerable support to the claim that substantially more remains to be gained from GWAS on the genetic mechanisms underlying BD susceptibility, and that a large proportion of the variation in disease risk may be uncovered through integrative functional genomic approaches. We combine recent analytic advances in heritability estimation and polygenic modeling and leverage recent technological advances in the generation of -omics data to evaluate the nature and scale of the contribution of functional classes of genetic variation to a relatively intractable disorder. We identified cis eQTLs in cerebellum and parietal cortex that capture more than half of the total heritability attributable to SNPs interrogated through GWAS and showed that eQTL-based heritability estimation is highly tissue-dependent. Our findings show that a much greater resolution may be attained than has been reported thus far on the number of common loci that capture a substantial proportion of the heritability to disease risk and that the functional nature of contributory loci may be clarified en masse.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过整合功能基因组学与GWAS数据,解决双相情感障碍(BD)中的'缺失遗传力'问题。
  • 确定脑组织中的表达数量性状位点(eQTLs)是否解释了BD遗传力的显著比例。
  • 评估基于eQTL的多基因风险评分在独立GWAS数据集中的预测能力。
  • 评估eQTL效应对BD风险的组织特异性,特别是比较脑区与淋巴母细胞系(LCLs)之间的差异。

提出的方法

  • 使用全基因组表达谱分析,在尸检小脑和顶叶皮层组织中进行顺式-eQTL作图。
  • 采用线性混合模型(LMM)估计基于SNP和基于eQTL的遗传力,通过遗传相关矩阵保留基因型相关结构。
  • 采用置换检验(n=1000)计算eQTL遗传力估计的实证p值,并与零分布比较以评估显著性。
  • 在构建多基因风险评分前,对eQTL集合进行LD修剪(r² < 0.25,200-SNP窗口)以减少冗余。
  • 将多基因风险评分计算为基于效应大小的危险等位基因计数的对数似然比加权和,使用来自'发现'GWAS(TGen)的结果,并在'验证'GWAS(GAIN)中进行测试。
  • 使用基于置换的零分布,评估脑组织与LCLs中top GWAS SNPs(p < 0.001)在eQTL中的富集程度。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1脑组织中的顺式-eQTL是否解释了双相情感障碍SNP遗传力的显著比例?
  • RQ2eQTL对BD遗传力的贡献是否具有组织特异性,特别是在脑区与淋巴母细胞系之间的比较中?
  • RQ3基于eQTL的多基因风险评分是否能预测独立GWAS队列中的BD病例对照状态?
  • RQ4eQTL显著性阈值(如p < 0.05)中的哪一个能为多基因建模提供最强的预测能力?
  • RQ5通过eQTL对遗传变异进行功能注释,如何增进对BD遗传力潜在生物学机制的理解?

主要发现

  • 小脑和顶叶皮层中的顺式-eQTL捕获了来自GWAS数据估计的总SNP遗传力的超过一半。
  • WTCCC GWAS中top BD相关SNPs(p < 0.001)在小脑和顶叶皮层中显著富集于顺式-eQTL(p < 0.001),但在淋巴母细胞系中未见富集。
  • 基于eQTL的遗传力估计具有高度组织特异性,脑组织表现出显著的遗传力贡献,而LCLs则表现较弱。
  • 基于TGen GWAS中p < 0.05的顺式-eQTL构建的多基因风险评分在GAIN验证队列中与疾病状态的关联最为显著(p = 0.01)。
  • 在两个独立的GWAS数据集(GAIN和TGen)中,小脑顺式-eQTL解释的方差相关性为r = 0.60,表明结果具有稳健性。
  • 置换检验得到的实证p值证实,eQTL的观察遗传力估计值显著大于零(p < 0.001),支持其生物学相关性。

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