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[论文解读] The distance to the Pleiades: Main sequence fitting in the near infrared

S. M. Percival, M. Salaris|ArXiv.org|Sep 15, 2004
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 27被引用 25
一句话总结

本文通过表明依巴谷星历表视差约偏短10%,且星团中K型主序星的(B-V)色指数异常偏蓝,解决了长久以来的昴星团距离争议。结合近红外(V-K)与(J-K)色指数及光学(V-I)色指数,作者在采用光谱金属量[Fe/H] = -0.03并排除较暗、异常的主序星后,得到一致的距离为133.8 ± 3 pc,证实了依巴谷之前主序星拟合的结果,并否定了(B-V)作为年轻星团可靠距离指示器的适用性。

ABSTRACT

Hipparcos parallax measurements of stars in the Pleiades notoriously result in a cluster distance of 118 pc; ~10% shorter than the `classical' results of MS-fitting. In an earlier paper we developed a purely empirical MS-fitting method to address this problem, which produced conflicting results between the (B-V) and (V-I) colour indices, indicating that the cluster's photometric metallicity is substantially lower than its (~solar) spectroscopic metallicity. We were able to reconcile the discrepancy by assuming [Fe/H]=-0.4 (as indicated from (B-V)/(V-I) colour-colour plots), and the distance moduli obtained from the 2 indices were in agreement with the Hipparcos result, within the 1sig errors. With the release of the 2MASS All Sky Catalogue, we now apply our MS-fitting method to the Pleiades using the infrared colours, in order to test the plausibility of our earlier result. Fitting in the V/(V-K) and K/(J-K) colour planes, we find that assuming a subsolar metallicity does not produce distances in agreement with the (B-V) and (V-I) results. However the infrared plus (V-I) distances are in mutual agreement when adopting the spectroscopic metallicity. By considering only stars with Mv<=6, the infrared and optical colour indices all yield consistent distances using the spectroscopic [Fe/H]. The concordant distances thus obtained from the (B-V), (V-I), (V-K) and (J-K) indices yield a mean of 133.8+/-3 pc, in excellent agreement with the pre-Hipparcos MS-fitting results, and the most recent determinations from other methods. We conclude that there are two distinct issues affecting the Pleiades: the Hipparcos parallax is in error by ~10%, as previously claimed; the (B-V) colours of the lower MS are anomalous, and we caution against their use for MS-fitting to the Pleiades and similarly young open clusters. (Abridged)

研究动机与目标

  • 解决依巴谷视差与昴星团主序星拟合距离之间长期存在的不一致问题。
  • 探究基于(B-V)与(V-I)色指数的距离估计之间不一致是否源于金属量假设错误或内在光度测量异常。
  • 检验(B-V)色指数在年轻开放星团(尤其是昴星团)主序星拟合中的可靠性。
  • 确定在存在异常恒星光度测量的情况下,近红外色指数(V-K, J-K)是否比光学色指数提供更稳健的距离估计。

提出的方法

  • 采用纯经验的主序星拟合方法,以54颗具有精确依巴谷视差和同质金属量测定的场星作为模板。
  • 利用光学与近红外光度数据,在多个色指数-星等平面((V-B)、(V-I)、(V-K)与(J-K))中拟合星团的主序星。
  • 使用色指数-色指数图((B-V)与(V-I),以及(V-K)与(J-K))经验推断星团的光度金属量,并检验其与光谱值的一致性。
  • 在不同金属量假设下比较不同色指数所得的距离模数,特别测试[Fe/H] = -0.4与光谱[Fe/H] = -0.03。
  • 排除已知(B-V)色指数异常的较暗、低主序星(MV > 6),以隔离可靠的距離估計。
  • 综合多个色指数平面的结果,计算最终一致的距离模数及其不确定性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1依巴谷对昴星团的视差距离是否存在系统性偏差?若有,偏差程度如何?
  • RQ2为何在使用标准光谱金属量时,(B-V)与(V-I)主序星拟合方法对昴星团得出不一致的距离?
  • RQ3在年轻开放星团(如昴星团)中,近红外色指数(V-K, J-K)是否比光学色指数(B-V, V-I)更可靠?
  • RQ4昴星团中K型星的(B-V)色指数异常偏蓝,是否意味着应否定其在主序星拟合中的使用?
  • RQ5当应用正确金属量时,能否通过多个色指数获得一致的距离?最终结果距离是多少?

主要发现

  • 依巴谷视差距离118.34 pc被发现约偏短10%,与早期对系统误差的怀疑一致。
  • 昴星团中低主序星的(B-V)色指数异常偏蓝,可能源于色球层活动或温度标度问题,导致其不可靠用于距离估计。
  • 当采用光谱金属量[Fe/H] = -0.03并排除MV > 6的恒星时,所有光学与近红外色指数((V-B)、(V-I)、(V-K)、(J-K))均得出一致的距离模数。
  • 昴星团的最终平均距离为133.8 ± 3 pc,与依巴谷之前主序星拟合结果及近期独立测定结果高度一致。
  • 由于晚期型星中(B-V)色指数的异常行为,强烈建议避免在年轻开放星团(如昴星团)中使用(B-V)色指数进行主序星拟合。
  • 本研究证实,依巴谷与主序星拟合结果之间的差异源于两个独立问题:视差误差与光度异常,而非主序星拟合方法本身存在根本缺陷。

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