[论文解读] The habitability of the Universe through 13 billion years of cosmic time
本研究通过模拟大质量超新星(SNII)、Ia型超新星(SNIa)、伽马射线暴(GRBs)和活动星系核(AGN)的累积有害辐射,评估了宇宙在138亿年间的宇宙宜居性。研究发现,SNII主导了辐射威胁和宜居性损失,其次是SNIa,而GRBs和AGN的贡献可忽略不计;因此,宇宙的宜居性随时间稳步提升,如今的宇宙宜居性比地球生命首次出现时(约40亿年前)高出2.5至20倍。
The field of astrobiology has made tremendous progress in modelling galactic-scale habitable zones which offer a stable environment for life to form and evolve in complexity. Recently, this idea has been extended to cosmological scales by studies modelling the habitability of the local Universe in its entirety (e.g. Dayal et al. 2015; Li & Zhang 2015). However, all of these studies have solely focused on estimating the potentially detrimental effects of either Type II supernovae (SNII) or Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), ignoring the contributions from Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) and active galactic nuclei (AGN). In this study we follow two different approaches, based on (i) the amplitude of deleterious radiation and (ii) the total planet-hosting volume irradiated by deleterious radiation. We simultaneously track the contributions from the key astrophysical sources (SNII, SNIa, AGN and GRBs) for the entire Universe, for both scenarios, to determine its habitability through 13.8 billion years of cosmic time. We find that SNII dominate the total radiation budget and the volume irradiated by deleterious radiation at any cosmic epoch closely followed by SNIa (that contribute half as much as SNII), with GRBs and AGN making up a negligible portion (<1%). Secondly, as a result of the total mass in stars (or the total number of planets) slowly building-up with time and the total deleterious radiation density, and volume affected, falling-off after the first 3 billion years, we find that the Universe has steadily increased in habitability through cosmic time. We find that, depending on the exact model assumptions, the Universe is 2.5 to 20 times more habitable today compared to when life first appeared on the Earth 4 billion years ago. We find that this increase in habitability will persist until the final stars die out over the next hundreds of billions of years.
研究动机与目标
- 通过整合多种天体物理辐射源的影响,评估宇宙在138亿年间的宇宙宜居性。
- 确定SNII、SNIa、GRBs和AGN对有害辐射及宜居性损失的相对贡献。
- 模拟总宜居体积和辐射密度随宇宙时间的演化,考虑恒星形成与金属丰度的变化。
- 量化随时间推移宜居性的提升,以地球生命出现的延迟为模板。
- 评估宇宙是否正接近或已达到其宜居性的峰值,以及这一结论如何依赖于模型假设。
提出的方法
- 本研究采用两种互补方法:(i) 辐射强度,(ii) 受有害辐射影响的总体积。
- 利用宇宙学恒星形成率密度(SFRD)模型,追踪SNII、SNIa、GRBs和AGN在宇宙时间中的累积辐射。
- 分析中结合了红移相关的恒星质量函数和金属丰度演化,以估算行星宿主体积和辐射暴露程度。
- 基于已知能量输出计算辐射通量:SNII(约10^53 erg)、SNIa(约10^53 erg)、GRBs(约10^54 erg)和AGN(X射线及高能辐射)。
- 宜居性被量化为低于可能抑制复杂生命阈值的体积比例和辐射密度。
- 采用两种SFRD模型以涵盖不确定性,结果在两种模型下均呈现一致趋势。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在宇宙时间尺度上,哪些天体物理源——SNII、SNIa、GRBs或AGN——主导了有害辐射总量?
- RQ2从红移z ≈ 10到现今,有害辐射影响的总宜居体积如何演变?
- RQ3在过去的138亿年中,宇宙的宜居性提升了多少?
- RQ4若考虑行星形成与生命出现之间存在14亿年的延迟,这一因素如何影响宜居性峰值的出现时间?
- RQ5宇宙是否正接近其最大宜居性,还是宜居性仍在持续上升,未来将达到峰值?
主要发现
- SNII是主要的有害辐射源,对总辐射预算和受辐射体积的贡献最大。
- SNIa对辐射预算和受影响体积的贡献约为SNII的一半,是第二重要的来源。
- GRBs和AGN对辐射强度和受辐射体积的贡献均不足1%,在整体宜居性模型中可忽略不计。
- 由于恒星质量的缓慢积累以及前30亿年有害辐射密度的下降,宇宙的宜居性随时间稳步提升。
- 估计现今宇宙的宜居性比40亿年前生命首次在地球上出现时高出2.5至20倍。
- 考虑到行星形成与生命出现之间存在14亿年的延迟,宇宙的宜居性峰值仍在未来,宜居性将持续上升,直至未来数百亿年内最后一颗恒星熄灭。
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