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[论文解读] The `how' matters: A simulation-based assessment of the potential contributions of LFD tests for school reopening in England

Kevin Kunzmann, Camilla Lingjaerde|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 2, 2021
COVID-19 epidemiological studies被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究使用基于代理的仿真模型评估不同侧向流动装置(LFD)检测策略对英格兰小学学校中SARS-CoV-2传播控制及停课天数的影响。研究发现,即使在检测灵敏度较低的情况下,定期进行无症状者筛查——尤其是每周一次或两次——也能显著改善疫情控制,优于仅依赖症状隔离的策略,尤其在无症状传播比例较高时。

ABSTRACT

During Covid-19 outbreaks, school closures are employed as part of governments' non-pharmaceutical interventions around the world to reduce the number of contacts and keep the reproduction number below 1. Yet, prolonged school closures have profound negative impact on the future opportunities of pupils, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds, as well as additional economic and social impacts by preventing their parents from returning to work. Data on Covid-19 in children are sparse and policy frameworks are evolving quickly. We compare a set of potential policies to accompany the reopening of schools by means of an agent-based simulation tool. The policies and scenarios we model reflect the public discussion and government guidelines in early March 2021 in England before the planned nationwide reopening of schools on the 8th of March. A point of particular interest is the potential contribution of a more wide-spread use of screening tests based on lateral flow devices. We compare policies both with respect to their potential to contain new outbreaks of Covid-19 in schools and the proportion of schooldays lost due to isolation of pupils. We find that regular asymptomatic screening of the whole school as an addition to a policy built around isolation of symptomatic pupils and their closest contacts is beneficial across a wide range of scenarios, including when screening tests with relatively low test sensitivity are used. Multiple screening tests per week bring only small additional benefits in some scenarios. These findings remain valid when test compliance is not enforced although the effectiveness of outbreak control is reduced.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估不同LFD检测政策在控制学校内SARS-CoV-2传播的同时,最大限度减少停课天数的有效性。
  • 评估检测灵敏度、依从性及检测频率对疫情控制和教育连续性的影响。
  • 比较基于症状的隔离与增加无症状筛查策略(包括“检测后释放”和定期筛查)的效果。
  • 考察现实约束条件(如检测依从性、检测灵敏度以及缺乏班级间隔离)的影响。
  • 为政策制定者提供基于证据的指导,以实施有效且可行的检测策略,确保学校安全开放。

提出的方法

  • 开发了一个灵活、开源的基于代理的仿真模型,专为具有班级层面接触结构的初等学校环境量身定制。
  • 将病毒载量、传染性及LFD检测灵敏度建模为感染后时间的相互关联函数,以反映生物现实性。
  • 在多种政策情景下模拟传播动态,包括基于症状的隔离、“检测后释放”和定期无症状筛查。
  • 纳入了检测灵敏度、依从性及接触模式等现实参数,包括无班级间隔离的情景。
  • 使用蒙特卡洛模拟在多种传播情景下估算结果,包括高传染性及高无症状传播比例的情景。
  • 基于双重指标评估政策效果:疫情控制程度及因隔离导致的停课天数比例。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在控制学校内SARS-CoV-2疫情暴发方面,定期无症状LFD筛查与基于症状的隔离相比如何?
  • RQ2在检测灵敏度较低的情况下,将检测频率提高至每周一次以上是否具有增量效益,尤其是超过每周一次?
  • RQ3检测依从性或重复检测结果之间的自相关性如何影响筛查政策的表现?
  • RQ4在缺乏有效班级间隔离的情况下,不同检测策略对疫情控制的影响如何?
  • RQ5在无症状传播比例较高的情景下,“检测后释放”策略是否仍优于仅依赖症状隔离并增加筛查的策略?

主要发现

  • 定期无症状筛查——尤其是每周一次或两次——在广泛情景下显著提升了疫情控制效果,即使使用低灵敏度LFD检测亦然。
  • 当无症状传播比例较高时,“检测后释放”政策的表现反而劣于参照的基于症状的隔离政策,这与“重复检测本身足以应对疫情”的假设相矛盾。
  • 重复检测结果之间的自相关性可能降低频繁检测的效益,尽管只有强自相关性才会完全抵消每周第二次检测的优势。
  • 与基于症状或“检测后释放”的策略相比,定期筛查政策(如每周一或每周一与周三)在检测灵敏度较低及无症状传播比例较高时更具鲁棒性。
  • 在缺乏有效班级间隔离(如每班一个班级单元)的情况下,疫情控制效果显著下降,因为更高的接触频率会抵消隔离措施的益处。
  • 每周一次筛查检测相比仅依赖症状隔离已带来显著改善,而每周第二次检测在高传染性情景下进一步增强了策略的鲁棒性。

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