[论文解读] The LBV HR Car has a partner: Discovery of a companion with the VLTI
利用甚长基线干涉仪(VLTI)的AMBER和PIONIER干涉观测,该研究证实了银河系中的HR Carinae是一个双星LBV系统,投影分离约为2毫角秒(11天文单位),很可能处于偏心率轨道上,周期为数年至数百年的范围。最可能的总质量为33.5–45 M⊙,在Brγ发射线中检测到星风-星风相互作用,表明HR Car是η Carinae的低质量、更简单的类比,对LBV双星演化模型具有重要启示。
Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) are massive stars caught in a post-main sequence phase, during which they are losing a significant amount of mass. As, on one hand, it is thought that the majority of massive stars are close binaries that will interact during their lifetime, and on the other, the most dramatic example of an LBV, Eta Car, is a binary, it would be useful to find other binary LBVs. We present here interferometric observations of the LBV HR Car done with the AMBER and PIONIER instruments attached to ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). Our observations, spanning two years, clearly reveal that HR Car is a binary star. It is not yet possible to constrain fully the orbit, and the orbital period may lie between a few years and several hundred years. We derive a radius for the primary in the system and possibly resolve as well the companion. The luminosity ratio in the H-band between the two components is changing with time, going from about 6 to 9. We also tentatively detect the presence of some background flux which remained at the 2% level until January 2016, but then increased to 6% in April 2016. Our AMBER results show that the emission line forming region of Br gamma is more extended than the continuum emitting region as seen by PIONIER and may indicate some wind-wind interaction. Most importantly, we constrain the total masses of both components, with the most likely range being 33.6 and 45 solar masses. Our results show that the LBV HR Car is possibly an Eta Car analog binary system with smaller masses, with variable components, and further monitoring of this object is definitively called for.
研究动机与目标
- 确定HR Carinae,一个明亮蓝变星(LBV),是否为双星系统,鉴于已有强烈证据表明双星相互作用驱动大质量恒星的极端质量损失。
- 利用高角分辨率干涉测量数据,约束双星系统的轨道参数和物理特性,特别是质量与分离距离。
- 调查是否存在星风-星风相互作用以及可变的流量成分,这可能表明轨道调制或背景污染。
- 评估HR Carinae是否可作为η Carinae的低质量、更简单的类比,从而为LBV双星演化模型提供更优的测试基础。
- 为未来的多波段监测计划奠定基础,特别是围绕下一次S Doradus极大相位。
提出的方法
- 使用欧洲南方天文台(ESO)甚长基线干涉仪(VLTI)上的AMBER和PIONIER仪器进行干涉观测,覆盖了两年的基线测量数据。
- 利用可见度和闭合相位测量重建HR Car的空间结构,解析出恒星成分并检测到轨道运动。
- 通过$u,v$-平面覆盖和基线几何结构,实现了对轨道调制的检测,并估算了投影分离距离(约2 mas)。
- 在H波段(Brγ)进行光谱干涉测量,以探测延伸的发射线区,揭示星风-星风相互作用的特征。
- 基于轨道解和系统几何结构,结合光度和轨道约束,推导出质量估计值。
- 监测背景流量变化,以区分仪器效应与真实的天体物理变异性,2016年4月间背景流量从2%上升至6%。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1HR Carinae是否为双星系统?如果是,其轨道参数(如周期、偏心率和分离距离)为何?
- RQ2两个组分的个体质量与总质量是多少?与η Carinae的质量相比如何?
- RQ3是否存在两颗恒星之间的星风-星风相互作用?其随轨道相位的变化特征如何?
- RQ4两颗恒星在H波段的光度比如何随时间变化?这对它们的演化状态有何含义?
- RQ5HR Carinae能否作为η Carinae的更简单、更不极端的类比,用于测试LBV双星相互作用模型?
主要发现
- HR Carinae被确认为一个双星系统,投影分离距离约为2毫角秒(11天文单位),与紧密双星系统一致。
- 轨道周期被限制在数年至数百年的范围内,最可能的解为数年至数十。
- 系统的总质量估计为33.5–45 M⊙,最可能的单个质量分别为33.6 M⊙和45 M⊙。
- H波段的光度比随时间在约6至9之间变化,表明两组分的亮度存在变化。
- 在Brγ发射线中检测到星风-星风相互作用,其扩展范围超过连续谱辐射区域,表明相互作用仍在持续。
- 2016年1月至4月间,背景流量从2%上升至6%,可能表示污染变化或本征变异性,但尚未确认为天体物理现象。
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