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[论文解读] The Perception of Stress in Graph Drawings

Gavin J. Mooney, Helen C. Purchase|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2024
Design Education and Practice被引用 1
一句话总结

本研究调查了人们——包括初学者和专家——是否能够感知图示中的应力,应力是一种基于几何距离与最短路径成比例的结构布局原则。尽管应力取决于图的结构和视觉形式,但经过定义训练的参与者能够通过边缘长度、节点分布和紧凑性等视觉代理可靠地区分低应力图示,专家的表现仅略优于受训的初学者。

ABSTRACT

Most of the common graph layout principles (a.k.a. "aesthetics") on which many graph drawing algorithms are based are easy to define and to perceive. For example, the number of pairs of edges that cross each other, how symmetric a drawing looks, the aspect ratio of the bounding box, or the angular resolution at the nodes. The extent to which a graph drawing conforms to these principles can be determined by looking at how it is drawn - that is, by looking at the marks on the page - without consideration for the underlying structure of the graph. A key layout principle is that of optimising "stress", the basis for many algorithms such as the popular Kamada & Kawai algorithm and several force-directed algorithms. The stress of a graph drawing is, loosely speaking, the extent to which the geometric distance between each pair of nodes is proportional to the shortest path between them - over the whole graph drawing. The definition of stress therefore relies on the underlying structure of the graph (the "paths") in a way that other layout principles do not, making stress difficult to describe to novices unfamiliar with graph drawing principles, and, we believe, difficult to perceive. We conducted an experiment to see whether people (novices as well as experts) can see stress in graph drawings, and found that it is possible to train novices to "see" stress - even if their perception strategies are not based on the definitional concepts.

研究动机与目标

  • 确定非专家在学习应力定义后是否能够感知图示中的应力。
  • 调查初学者与专家在应力视觉感知策略上的差异。
  • 评估结构复杂度(如图的大小)对应力感知的影响。
  • 识别哪些视觉特征可作为应力感知的有效代理。
  • 评估应力作为人本图示评估标准的感知可靠性。

提出的方法

  • 开展受控的人工实验,参与者通过比较成对图示来识别应力较低的图。
  • 向参与者提供清晰、非技术性的应力定义:即几何距离与图论距离之间的比例关系。
  • 使用应力度量(Kamada-Kawai应力度量,KSM)计算并控制刺激中的应力水平,范围为0.0至1.0。
  • 收集关于感知策略的定性反馈,包括对边缘长度、节点聚类以及‘紧凑感’的提及。
  • 通过分析不同图大小(10–50个节点)和参与者专业水平的表现,评估结果的普适性。
  • 采用强制选择范式,精心挑选刺激,仅在应力和边交叉数上变化,以隔离应力感知。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在学习定义后,此前无图示绘制知识的个体是否能够感知图示中的应力?
  • RQ2参与者使用哪些视觉特征作为代理来判断应力?这些策略在初学者与专家之间有何差异?
  • RQ3应力感知是否随图的大小或密度而变化?
  • RQ4专家在区分应力水平方面的表现与受训初学者相比如何?
  • RQ5是否存在可感知的应力差异阈值?其是否符合韦伯定律?

主要发现

  • 经过应力概念训练的参与者能够可靠地区分不同应力水平的图示,表明即使缺乏先前专业知识,应力感知也是可习得的。
  • 初学者发展出有效的应力视觉代理,如边缘长度、节点分布和紧凑性,这些特征与实际应力值相关。
  • 专家的表现仅略优于受训初学者,表明诸如‘稳定节点’或‘整体感觉’等高级认知策略,并未显著优于视觉启发式方法。
  • 在不同图大小(10至50个节点)之间,感知表现无显著差异,表明应力感知对尺度变化具有鲁棒性。
  • 应力差异达到0.15或以上时可被察觉,而低于0.1的差异则令人困惑,表明KSM单位下感知阈值约为0.1至0.15。
  • 少数参与者将应力与个人情绪状态联系起来,表明数学概念可能被隐喻性地转化为情感体验。

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