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[论文解读] The Price of Dynamic Inconsistency for Distortion Risk Measures

Pu Huang, Dan A. Iancu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 30, 2011
Risk and Portfolio Optimization参考文献 3被引用 7
一句话总结

本文比较了两种多期风险度量框架:将单一一致风险度量应用于累计成本,与组合一步一致风险映射。文章建立了两者之间占优关系的条件,引入了一项度量以量化近似精度,并揭示了一种类不对称性:最紧的上界可被精确刻画,而最紧的下界则不能,一般情况下为NP难,但在特定情形(如条件风险价值)下存在多项式时间解法。

ABSTRACT

This paper compares two different frameworks recently introduced in the literature for measuring risk in a multi-period setting. The first corresponds to applying a single coherent risk measure to the cumulative future costs, while the second involves applying a composition of one-step coherent risk mappings. We summarize the relative strengths of the two methods, characterize several necessary and sufficient conditions under which one of the measurements always dominates the other, and introduce a metric to quantify how close the two risk measures are. Using this notion, we address the question of how tightly a given coherent measure can be approximated by lower or upper-bounding compositional measures. We exhibit an interesting asymmetry between the two cases: the tightest possible upper-bound can be exactly characterized, and corresponds to a popular construction in the literature, while the tightest-possible lower bound is not readily available. We show that testing domination and computing the approximation factors is generally NP-hard, even when the risk measures in question are comonotonic and law-invariant. However, we characterize conditions and discuss several examples where polynomial-time algorithms are possible. One such case is the well-known Conditional Value-at-Risk measure, which is further explored in our companion paper [Huang, Iancu, Petrik and Subramanian, Static and Dynamic Conditional Value at Risk (2012)]. Our theoretical and algorithmic constructions exploit interesting connections between the study of risk measures and the theory of submodularity and combinatorial optimization, which may be of independent interest.

研究动机与目标

  • 比较两种多期风险度量框架的性能:单一一致风险度量 vs. 组合式一步映射。
  • 刻画在动态设定下,一种风险度量始终占优于另一种的必要与充分条件。
  • 引入一项度量以量化一致风险度量与其组合边界之间的近似差距。
  • 研究测试占优关系与计算近似因子的计算复杂度。
  • 识别多项式时间算法存在的情形,特别是针对条件风险价值等知名风险度量。

提出的方法

  • 本文定义了一项度量,用于衡量一致风险度量与其组合近似之间的距离,从而实现对其上界与下界比较。
  • 建立了理论条件——包括必要与充分条件——以确保在动态设定下一种风险度量始终占优于另一种。
  • 通过与次模性及组合优化的联系,推导出结构洞见与算法可行性。
  • 证明了即使在共单调性与分布不变性条件下,测试占优关系与计算近似因子仍为NP难问题。
  • 针对特定风险度量(如条件风险价值),本文识别出可多项式时间求解的情形,从而实现高效计算。
  • 通过理论构造表明,最紧的上界可被精确刻画,而最紧的下界则难以确定。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在何种条件下,单一一致风险度量在多期设定下会占优于其组合对应物?
  • RQ2一致风险度量可被组合式一步风险映射多紧密地近似?最小近似差距是多少?
  • RQ3为何在一致风险度量的近似中,最紧上界与最紧下界之间存在不对称性?
  • RQ4确定风险度量之间占优关系或计算近似因子的计算复杂度是什么?
  • RQ5在哪些情形下——尤其是针对如条件风险价值等知名风险度量——近似问题可被多项式时间求解?

主要发现

  • 一致风险度量的最紧可能上界可被精确刻画,对应于文献中已知的构造。
  • 相比之下,最紧可能下界无法轻易刻画,揭示了近似问题中的根本不对称性。
  • 即使在风险度量共单调且分布不变的条件下,测试度量之间的占优关系与计算近似因子仍为NP难问题。
  • 尽管总体上为NP难,但在特定情形下(包括条件风险价值度量)存在多项式时间算法,可实现高效计算。
  • 理论与算法进展揭示了风险度量与次模优化之间的深层联系,其影响可能超越风险分析本身。

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