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[论文解读] The Universal Trust Machine: A survey on the Web3 path towards enabling long term digital cooperation through decentralised trust

Rohan Madhwal, Johan Pouwelse|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 17, 2023
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security被引用 4
一句话总结

本综述提出了一种去中心化的‘通用信任机器’,用于在Web3中实现长期数字协作,通过结合声誉系统与分布式账本技术(DLTs),消除对中心化信任中介的依赖。研究表明,通过间接互惠、类似区块链的数据结构(如TrustChain)以及隐私保护型DLTs,可以实现抗Sybil攻击且可扩展的信任机制,从而在无需中心控制或交易费用的情况下,构建出具有韧性的去中心化生态系统。

ABSTRACT

Since the dawn of human civilization, trust has been the core challenge of social organization. Trust functions to reduce the effort spent in constantly monitoring others' actions in order to verify their assertions, thus facilitating cooperation by allowing groups to function with reduced complexity. To date, in modern societies, large scale trust is almost exclusively provided by large centralized institutions. Specifically in the case of the Internet, Big Tech companies maintain the largest Internet platforms where users can interact, transact and share information. Thus, they control who can interact and conduct transactions through their monopoly of online trust. However, as recent events have shown, allowing for-profit corporations to act as gatekeepers to the online world comes with a litany of problems. While so far ecosystems of trust on the Internet could only be feasibly created by large institutions, Web3 proponents have a vision of the Internet where trust is generated without centralised actors. They attempt to do so by creating an ecosystem of trust constructed using decentralised technology. This survey explores this elusive goal of Web3 to create a "Universal Trust Machine", which in a true decentralised paradigm would be owned by both nobody and everybody. In order to do so, we first motivate the decades-old problem of generating trust without an intermediary by discussing Robert Axelrod's research on the evolution of cooperation. Next, we present the challenges that would have to be overcome in order to enable long term cooperation. We proceed to present various reputation systems, all of which present promising techniques for encouraging trustworthy behaviour. Then, we discuss Distributed Ledger technologies whose secure transaction facilitating and privacy preserving techniques promise to be a good complement to the current limitations of vanilla reputation systems.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究如何在无中心化机构的情况下实现去中心化信任,以应对在对抗性在线环境中实现大规模协作这一长期挑战。
  • 分析现有声誉系统与DLTs在支持去中心化网络中长期、可扩展协作方面的局限性。
  • 评估将声誉机制与DLTs(如TrustChain)结合,能否克服Sybil攻击和双重支付等关键威胁。
  • 识别并解决阻碍完全去中心化信任生态系统构建的社会与基础设施挑战,如激励对齐与规则执行问题。
  • 提出构建‘通用信任机器’的未来路线图,使其在可靠性与性能方面可与中心化系统比肩,同时保持去中心化特性。

提出的方法

  • 以罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德的重复囚徒困境为基本模型,用以推动去中心化系统中合作行为的演化。
  • 基于间接互惠的声誉系统(包括NetFlow和基于SVM的模型)进行分析,以评估去中心化网络中的可信度。
  • 评估TrustChain——一种抗Sybil攻击、类似区块链的DLT,其利用最大流算法与双区块引用机制,确保防篡改性与可扩展性,且无需全局共识。
  • 将DLTs与声誉系统整合,以增强安全性和韧性,利用基于gossip的复制机制与本地区块链存储,实现高吞吐量与低延迟。
  • 研究网络互惠与机器学习(如SVM)作为互补机制,以提升在结构化、非均匀混合社交网络中信任预测的准确性。
  • 提出一个整体框架,结合声誉、DLTs与显式规则设计,以应对去中心化信任中的社会与基础设施挑战。
Figure 1: A typical payoff matrix of a 2 player prisoner’s dilemma [ 14 ]
Figure 1: A typical payoff matrix of a 2 player prisoner’s dilemma [ 14 ]

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在参与者可能作为对手的去中心化网络中,如何维持长期合作?
  • RQ2在构建可与中心化机构相媲美的去中心化信任生态系统时,关键的基础设施与社会挑战是什么?
  • RQ3基于间接互惠的声誉系统在无中心监督的情况下,能在多大程度上防止Sybil攻击并促进可信行为?
  • RQ4与传统区块链相比,TrustChain等DLT如何提升去中心化信任系统的安全性和可扩展性?
  • RQ5网络结构与机器学习在提升去中心化声誉机制的准确性与鲁棒性方面发挥何种作用?

主要发现

  • TrustChain通过基于最大流的声誉计算与双区块引用机制,实现了抗Sybil攻击与高可扩展性,支持无需全局共识的防篡改、gossip复制的区块链。
  • TrustChain缺乏原生代币或验证者激励机制,可能导致其长期网络参与度与安全性低于以太坊等代币化区块链。
  • 基于SVM与NetFlow的声誉系统在识别去中心化网络中的可信节点方面表现出有效性,尤其在结合交互图分析时更为显著。
  • 分布式账本技术通过提供密码学安全、不可篡改的交易日志,与声誉系统相辅相成,有效防止双重支付与数据篡改。
  • 网络互惠——即在结构化社交网络中形成合作集群——可增强合作的稳定性,尤其在与本地化信任传播结合时效果更佳。
  • 尽管通用信任机器在实践中尚未实现,但声誉系统与TrustChain等DLT的整合,为实现去中心化、可扩展且具有韧性的数字协作提供了切实可行的路径。
Figure 2: a) Centralised network b) Decentralised network c) Distributed network Cardinal architectural insight from Baran’s 1964 paper [ 20 ]
Figure 2: a) Centralised network b) Decentralised network c) Distributed network Cardinal architectural insight from Baran’s 1964 paper [ 20 ]

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