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[论文解读] The Unreasonable Fundamental Incertitudes Behind Bitcoin Mining

Nicolas T. Courtois, Marek Grajek|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 29, 2013
Cryptography and Data Security参考文献 17被引用 32
一句话总结

本文识别出比特币挖矿中的一个基础密码学常数,其值被限制在≤1.89,该常数使挖矿硬件的效率提升了38%,每年可降低数千万美元的电力成本。文章认为4年一次的减半周期是人为设定且具有破坏性,提出了一种修订后的奖励公式,以增强长期稳定性和去中心化。

ABSTRACT

Bitcoin is a "crypto currency", a decentralized electronic payment scheme based on cryptography which has recently gained excessive popularity. Scientific research on bitcoin is less abundant. A paper at Financial Cryptography 2012 conference explains that it is a system which "uses no fancy cryptography", and is "by no means perfect". It depends on a well-known cryptographic standard SHA-256. In this paper we revisit the cryptographic process which allows one to make money by producing bitcoins. We reformulate this problem as a Constrained Input Small Output (CISO) hashing problem and reduce the problem to a pure block cipher problem. We estimate the speed of this process and we show that the cost of this process is less than it seems and it depends on a certain cryptographic constant which we estimated to be at most 1.86. These optimizations enable bitcoin miners to save tens of millions of dollars per year in electricity bills. Miners who set up mining operations face many economic incertitudes such as high volatility. In this paper we point out that there are fundamental incertitudes which depend very strongly on the bitcoin specification. The energy efficiency of bitcoin miners have already been improved by a factor of about 10,000, and we claim that further improvements are inevitable. Better technology is bound to be invented, would it be quantum miners. More importantly, the specification is likely to change. A major change have been proposed in May 2013 at Bitcoin conference in San Diego by Dan Kaminsky. However, any sort of change could be flatly rejected by the community which have heavily invested in mining with the current technology. Another question is the reward halving scheme in bitcoin. The current bitcoin specification mandates a strong 4-year cyclic property. We find this property totally unreasonable and harmful and explain why and how it needs to be changed.

研究动机与目标

  • 分析比特币挖矿的密码学基础,识别影响长期盈利能力的隐藏低效问题。
  • 质疑4年一次的奖励减半周期作为人为设定、具有破坏性的机制,认为其削弱了比特币作为稳定价值储存手段的可信度。
  • 提出一种修订后的奖励公式,在维持2100万枚供应上限的同时,确保挖矿奖励在时间上更加平滑、可预测。
  • 强调技术与协议层面的改变,尤其是工作量证明机制的演进,对现有挖矿投资构成根本性风险。
  • 主张当前由ASIC主导的挖矿生态系统威胁到去中心化,应通过更广泛的市场参与和信任机制加以改善。

提出的方法

  • 将比特币挖矿重新表述为受限输入小输出(CISO)哈希问题,将其简化为纯块密码问题。
  • 识别出挖矿过程中存在的一个密码学常数,其值被限制在≤1.89,该常数决定了挖矿的摊销成本。
  • 通过数学建模与Maple计算验证所提奖励公式的正确性。
  • 提出一种基于几何级数的新奖励函数,采用闭式公式,确保在第420,000号区块处的连续性。
  • 通过对比原始中本聪减半方案,分析新公式的经济影响。
  • 评估潜在协议变更(如更换工作量证明函数)对挖矿经济与去中心化的影响。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1比特币挖矿的真实摊销成本是多少?它如何依赖于一个底层密码学常数?
  • RQ2为何当前比特币奖励机制中的4年减半周期被认为是不合理且具有破坏性的?
  • RQ3能否通过修订后的奖励公式在维持2100万枚供应上限的同时,提升长期挖矿的稳定性和可预测性?
  • RQ4技术变革(如量子挖矿或ASIC的演进)如何为挖矿投资者带来根本性的不确定性?
  • RQ5当前比特币生态系统中,集中化的挖矿硬件生产和分发模式带来了哪些系统性风险?

主要发现

  • 由于一个被限制在≤1.89的密码学常数,比特币挖矿的摊销成本远低于普遍预期,从而实现了38%的效率提升。
  • 4年一次的减半周期是人为构造,缺乏经济与密码学依据,且损害了比特币作为稳定价值储存手段的可信度。
  • 所提出的新型奖励公式在维持2100万枚供应上限的同时,确保了在第420,000号区块处的连续性,并在周期的早期与中期阶段提供更高的奖励。
  • 具体示例表明,在新公式下,挖矿奖励在超过10年的时间内高于原始方案,直到第420,336号区块后才开始逐步下降。
  • 本文通过Maple计算验证,证明了新奖励函数在数学上正确且与原始供应上限保持一致。
  • 作者得出结论:挖矿效率的进一步提升不可避免,包括潜在的基于量子的挖矿,且协议变更既不可避免也至关重要,以实现去中心化。

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