Skip to main content
QUICK REVIEW

[论文解读] The wind of W Hya as seen by Herschel - I. The CO envelope

T. Khouri, A. de Koter|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 12, 2014
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 1被引用 36
一句话总结

本研究利用赫歇尔望远镜和地面观测数据,对富氧S型巨星W Hydrae的CO风进行建模,结合辐射转移与分子谱线发射代码,约束质量损失率、速度律及同位素比值。研究发现初始加速缓慢(β = 5),12C/13C比值为18 ± 10,且在20角秒以外存在过量尘埃发射,表明大半径区域存在额外质量。

ABSTRACT

Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars lose their envelopes by means of a stellar wind whose driving mechanism is not understood well. Characterizing the composition and thermal and dynamical structure of the outflow provides constraints that are essential for understanding AGB evolution, including the rate of mass loss and isotopic ratios. We modeled the CO emission from the wind of the low mass-loss rate oxygen-rich AGB star W Hya using data obtained by the HIFI, PACS, and SPIRE instruments onboard the Herschel Space Observatory and ground-based telescopes. $^{12}$CO and $^{13}$CO lines are used to constrain the intrinsic $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratio from resolved HIFI lines. The acceleration of the outflow up to about 5.5 km/s is quite slow and can be represented by a beta-type velocity law with index 5. Beyond this point, acceleration up the terminal velocity of 7 km/s is faster. Using the J=10-9, 9-8, and 6-5 transitions, we find an intrinsic $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratio of $18\pm10$ for W Hya, where the error bar is mostly due to uncertainties in the $^{12}$CO abundance and the stellar flux around 4.6 $μ$m. To match the low-excitation CO lines, these molecules need to be photo-dissociated at about 500 stellar radii. The radial dust emission intensity profile measured by PACS images at 70 $μ$m shows substantially stronger emission than our model predicts beyond 20 arcsec. The initial slow acceleration of the wind implies inefficient wind driving in the lower part of the envelope. The final injection of momentum in the wind might be the result of an increase in the opacity thanks to the late condensation of dust species. The derived intrinsic isotopologue ratio for W Hya is consistent with values set by the first dredge-up and suggestive of an initial mass of 2 M$_\odot$ or more. However, the uncertainty in the main-sequence mass derived based on this isotopologic ratio is large.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用高分辨率谱线数据表征W Hydrae中CO风的动力学与热结构。
  • 通过建模HIFI仪器观测的12CO与13CO谱线,确定其本征12C/13C同位素比值。
  • 通过对比模型尘埃连续谱与PACS观测结果,评估尘埃在驱动风中的作用。
  • 探究20角秒以外过量尘埃发射的成因,该现象超出模型预测。
  • 约束包层中的质量损失率、速度律及CO离解半径。

提出的方法

  • 将先进的分子谱线发射代码与尘埃连续谱辐射转移代码相结合,以模拟CO谱线轮廓与热尘埃发射。
  • 利用赫歇尔HIFI仪器获得的高分辨率12CO与13CO谱线,推导本征12C/13C比值,同时考虑激发态效应与波束稀释。
  • 采用β型速度律(β = 5)以模拟风的加速过程,且在接近终端速度区域引入更快的加速行为。
  • 采用恒定质量损失率模型(1.3 × 10⁻⁷ M☉ yr⁻¹)与温度幂律指数0.65,以拟合观测到的谱线轮廓。
  • 将模型在70 µm波段的尘埃发射与PACS图像对比,评估径向亮度分布的一致性。
  • 探索替代模型,包括分段温度律与可变质量损失率,以解释低J CO谱线强度的偏差。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1W Hydrae中CO风的速度律是什么?其随半径如何变化?
  • RQ2W Hydrae中的本征12C/13C同位素比值是多少?其对初始质量与演化阶段有何启示?
  • RQ3为何低J跃迁的CO发射观测值弱于标准模型的预测?
  • RQ4为何PACS 70 µm图像中20角秒以外的尘埃发射超出模型预测?
  • RQ5尘埃形成与消光系数变化如何影响外层包层中的动量传递与风加速?

主要发现

  • 风加速过程最符合β型速度律(β = 5),表明在达到终端速度前存在缓慢的初始加速阶段。
  • 模型预测的质量损失率为1.3 × 10⁻⁷ M☉ yr⁻¹,与W Hydrae的低质量损失率一致。
  • 本征12C/13C比值为18 ± 10,不确定性主要源于12CO丰度与4.6 µm波段恒星光度的不确定性。
  • 为重现观测到的低激发CO谱线,CO分子必须在约500倍恒星半径处发生光致离解。
  • 模型的径向尘埃亮度分布与PACS 70 µm观测结果在20角秒(800 R⋆)以内吻合,但在该半径以外则明显不足。
  • 20角秒以外的过量发射表明存在额外物质,可能源于过去的质量损失增强阶段或与星际介质的相互作用。

更好的研究,从现在开始

从论文设计到论文写作,大幅缩短您的研究时间。

无需绑定信用卡

本解读由 AI 生成,并经人工编辑审核。