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[论文解读] The WISSH quasars project: VIII. Outflows and metals in the circum-galactic medium around the hyper-luminous z ∼ 3.6 quasar J1538+08

A. Travascio, L. Zappacosta|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2020
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena参考文献 55被引用 37
一句话总结

本研究利用VLT/MUSE积分场光谱技术对红移z ≈ 3.6的超亮类星体J1538+08进行观测,揭示了其星系晕介质(CGM)中存在一个巨大且明亮(≈2 × 10⁴⁴ erg s⁻¹)的150 kpc Lyα星云,以及一个可能的75 kpc CIV星云。该星云表现出一个展宽且蓝移的Lyα成分(σ ≈ 1200 km s⁻¹,v_shift ≈ -1500 km s⁻¹),表明强大星风在数十千秒差距范围内传播,金属丰度通过CIV发射得到证实,这是首次直接探测到在射电宁静类星体周围星系晕尺度上由星风驱动的电离气体。

ABSTRACT

Context. In recent years, Lyα nebulae have been routinely detected around high redshift, radio-quiet quasars thanks to the advent of the highly sensitive integral field spectrographs. Constraining the physical properties of the Lyα nebulae is crucial for a full understanding of the circum-galactic medium (CGM). The CGM acts both as a repository for intergalactic and galactic baryons as well as a venue of feeding and feedback processes. The most luminous quasars are privileged test-beds to study these processes, given their large ionising fluxes and dense CGM environments in which they are expected to be embedded. Aims. We aim to characterise the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) emission lines in the CGM around a hyper-luminous, broad emission line, radio-quiet quasar at z ∼ 3.6, which exhibits powerful outflows at both nuclear and host galaxy scales. Methods. We analyse VLT/MUSE observations of the quasar J1538+08 (Lbol = 6 × 1047 erg s-1), and we performed a search for extended UV emission lines to characterise its morphology, emissivity, kinematics, and metal content. Results. We report the discovery of a very luminous (∼2 × 1044 erg s-1), giant Lyα nebula and a likely associated extended (75 kpc) CIV nebula. The Lyα nebula emission exhibits moderate blueshift (∼440 km s-1) compared to the quasar systemic redshift and a large average velocity dispersion (σ̄v ∼700 km s-1) across the nebula, while the CIV nebula shows average velocity dispersion of σ̄v ∼350 km s-1. The Lyα line profile exhibits a significant asymmetry towards negative velocity values at 20-30 kpc south of the quasar and is well parametrised by the following two Gaussian components: a narrow (σ ∼ 470 km s-1) systemic one plus a broad (σ ∼ 1200 km s-1), blueshifted (∼1500 km s-1) one. Conclusions. Our analysis of the MUSE observation of J1538+08 reveals metal-enriched CGM around this hyper-luminous quasar. Furthermore, our detection of blueshifted emission in the emission profile of the Lyα nebula suggests that powerful nuclear outflows can propagate through the CGM over tens of kiloparsecs.

研究动机与目标

  • 表征红移≈3.6的超亮宽线射电宁静类星体J1538+08星系晕介质(CGM)中在静止系紫外发射线的特性。
  • 研究J1538+08周围星系晕中扩展发射线的形态、运动学、发光度及金属含量。
  • 确定在核区和星系主机尺度上观测到的强烈星风是否能传播至星系晕并影响其物理状态。
  • 评估星风在将金属输运至星系晕并塑造扩展星云发射运动学特征中的作用。

提出的方法

  • 分析覆盖1.5×1.5弧分视场的类星体J1538+08的深VLT/MUSE积分场光谱。
  • 通过空间分辨光谱拟合检测并绘制Lyα和CIV发射线的二维分布。
  • 利用高斯组分拟合线轮廓,计算星云中径向速度和速度弥散度剖面。
  • 对Lyα发射进行偏度图绘制,以识别表明气体外流的非对称轮廓。
  • 将观测到的线轮廓与共振散射、荧光激发和激波激发的模型进行比较,以推断激发机制。
  • 利用运动学参数和空间范围估算星风的质量损失率和动力时标。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在红移≈3.6的超亮类星体J1538+08的星系晕介质(CGM)中,Lyα和CIV发射的空间范围、形态及运动学特征如何?
  • RQ2J1538+08周围是否存在金属丰度较高的星系晕,其空间分布与Lyα星云有何关联?
  • RQ3Lyα星云的运动学特性,特别是其速度弥散度和不对称性,是否表明存在由类星体驱动的大尺度外流?
  • RQ4观测到的蓝移且展宽的Lyα发射成分是否可归因于一个延伸至数十千秒差距的单一外流气体组分?
  • RQ5驱动扩展Lyα发射的物理机制是什么——共振散射、荧光激发,还是激波激发?

主要发现

  • 探测到一个投影尺寸达150 kpc、光度约为2 × 10⁴⁴ erg s⁻¹的巨型Lyα星云,使其成为目前已知最明亮的Lyα-CEN之一。
  • 探测到一个约75 kpc的空间扩展CIV星云,其与Lyα发射峰值空间重合,且表面亮度分布相似,表明可能存在物理关联。
  • Lyα星云的平均速度弥散度约为700 km s⁻¹,显著高于射电宁静类星体的典型值,更接近射电明亮系统或以外流为主导的环境。
  • 在类星体南侧20–30 kpc区域,Lyα线轮廓表现出强烈的负偏度,最佳拟合为两个高斯组分:一个窄的系统性组分(σ ≈ 470 km s⁻¹)和一个展宽且蓝移的组分(σ ≈ 1200 km s⁻¹,v_shift ≈ -1500 km s⁻¹)。
  • 在大投影距离(最高达30 kpc)处存在展宽且蓝移的Lyα成分,为类星体驱动的电离星风在星系晕中以千秒差距尺度传播提供了直接光谱学证据。
  • 星云的运动学与形态学特性,结合CIV发射的探测,证实J1538+08周围的星系晕是金属富集的,并受到类星体驱动星风的动态影响。

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