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[论文解读] The WSRT wide-field HI survey: II. Local Group features

Róbert Braun, David A. Thilker|ArXiv.org|Dec 12, 2003
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations参考文献 37被引用 87
一句话总结

本论文利用Westerbork综合孔径射电望远镜对本星系群开展了一项大视场H i巡天,以绘制高红移速度气体的分布,探测到95个离散的高红移速度云(HVC)组分,并识别出与M31、M33及大麦哲伦流相关的弥散H i结构。该巡天达到18 mJy/beam的灵敏度,揭示了一条连接M31与M33的微弱H i丝状结构,可能追踪了暖热星际介质,其投影指数尺度长度为25 kpc,峰值柱密度为5×10¹⁷ cm⁻²。

ABSTRACT

We have used the WSRT to carry out an unbiased wide-field survey of HI emission features, achieving an RMS sensitivity of about 18 mJy/Beam at a velocity resolution of 17 km/s over 1800 deg^2. In this paper we present our HI detections at negative velocities which could be distinguished from the Galactic foreground. Fully 29% of the entire survey area has high velocity HI emission with N_HI exceeding our 3 sigma limit of about 1.5x10^17cm^-2 over 30 km/s. A faint population of discrete HVCs is detected in the immediate vicinity of M31 which spans a large fraction of the M31 rotation velocity. This class of features is confined to about 12 deg (160 kpc) projected radius of M31 and appears to be physically associated. We detect a diffuse northern extension of the Magellanic Stream (MS) from at least Dec=+20 to +40 deg., which then loops back toward the south. Recent numerical simulations had predicted just such an MS extension corresponding to the apo-galacticon portion of the LMC/SMC orbit at a distance of 125 kpc. A faint bridge of HI emission appears to join the systemic velocities of M31 with that of M33 and continues beyond M31 to the north-west. This may be the first detection of HI associated with the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). The distribution of peculiar velocity HI associated with M31 can be described by a projected exponential of 25 kpc scale-length and 5x10^17cm^-2 peak column density. We present the distribution function of N_HI in the extended M31 environment, which agrees well with the low red-shift QSO absorption line data over the range log(N_HI)=17.2 to 21.9. Our data extend this comparison about two orders of magnitude lower than previously possible and provide the first image of the Lyman limit absorption system associated with an L* galaxy. (abridged)

研究动机与目标

  • 对本星系群开展无偏见、大视场的H i巡天,以探测银河系前景之外的高红移速度气体特征。
  • 检验预测:若暗物质卫星的气态对应体存在,则在M31附近应存在大量微弱、暗物质主导的HVC。
  • 绘制M31周围扩展H i分布,并与低红移类星体吸收线数据进行比较。
  • 研究大麦哲伦流与M31之间的运动学和空间关联性,包括可能的延伸部分。

提出的方法

  • 使用Westerbork综合孔径射电望远镜对1800 deg²区域进行H i巡天,速度分辨率为17 km s⁻¹,Beam半高全宽为49′。
  • 达到均方根灵敏度18 mJy/beam,对应于17 km s⁻¹速度通道内柱密度灵敏度约为~4×10¹⁶ cm⁻²。
  • 利用自相关谱检测从-1000至+6500 km s⁻¹速度范围内的H i发射。
  • 通过源探测算法和时空分解方法识别离散HVC组分及弥散H i复合体。
  • 利用绿岸望远镜数据交叉验证关键探测结果,独立确认与M31相关的特征。
  • 将观测到的H i柱密度分布与低红移类星体吸收线数据进行比较,以验证M31周围扩展H i环境。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1根据暗物质卫星假说,M31附近是否存在大量微弱的高红移速度HVC,如理论预测所示?
  • RQ2与L*星系的莱曼极限吸收系统相比,M31相关的H i气体的空间与运动学结构如何?
  • RQ3大麦哲伦流是否超出已知的南部区域,并与M31或M33相连?
  • RQ4是否存在H i发射证据表明M31与M33之间存在连接,可能追踪了暖热星际介质?
  • RQ5从流量密度分布来看,离散HVC群体的特征质量和距离尺度是什么?

主要发现

  • 巡天区域29%的范围显示出高红移速度H i发射,其柱密度超过1.5×10¹⁷ cm⁻²(30 km s⁻¹带宽),表明存在广泛分布的弥散气体。
  • 共探测到95个离散HVC组分,数量较以往已知组分增加逾十倍。
  • 在HVC流量密度分布中约12 Jy-km s⁻¹附近出现拐点,提示该群体存在特征质量与距离尺度。
  • 一条微弱的H i丝状结构从M31延伸至M33,并继续向西北方向延伸,可能追踪了暖热星际介质。
  • M31周围的H i分布符合投影指数分布,其尺度长度为25 kpc,峰值柱密度为5×10¹⁷ cm⁻²。
  • 观测到的M31环境H i柱密度函数在log(N_HI) = 17.2至21.9范围内与低红移类星体吸收线数据高度一致,将比较范围扩展了两个数量级的更低柱密度。

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