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[论文解读] The XMM Deep survey in the CDFS V. Iron K lines from active galactic nuclei in the distant Universe

S. Falocco, F. J. Carrera|LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)|Apr 29, 2013
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations参考文献 56被引用 14
一句话总结

本研究分析了在钱德拉深空南区观测的54个高红移活动星系核(AGN)的平均XMM-牛顿X射线谱,以探究铁Kα发射线。利用信噪比高的堆叠谱和详细的光谱建模,发现一个高度显著的铁线特征,等效宽度约为95 eV,最佳解释为窄线(67 ± 28 eV)与相对论性展宽线(140 ± 120 eV)的组合,表明来自距离较远和最内层吸积盘区域的反射,红移高达z ~ 3.5。

ABSTRACT

X-ray spectroscopy of active galactic nuclei (AGN) offers the opportunity to directly probe the inner regions of the accretion disk. We present the results of our analysis of average AGN XMM-Newton X-ray spectra in the Chandra Deep Field South observation (XMM CDFS). We computed the average spectrum of a sample of 54 AGN with spectroscopic redshifts and signal-to-noise ratio S/N > 15 in the 2-12 keV rest-frame band in at least one EPIC camera. We have taken the effects of combining spectra from sources at different redshifts and both EPIC cameras into account, as well as their spectral resolution; we checked our results using thorough simulations. We explored the Fe line components of distant AGN focusing on the narrow core which arises from regions far from the central engine and on the putative relativistic component (from the accretion disk). The average spectrum shows a highly significant Fe feature. Our model-independent estimates of the equivalent width (EW) suggest a higher EW in a broader range. The line, modelled as an unresolved Gaussian, is significant at 6.8 sigma and has an EW=95 eV (full sample). The current data can be fitted equally well adding a relativistic profile to the narrow component (in the full sample, EW=140 eV and 67 eV respectively for the relativistic and narrow lines). Thanks to the high quality of the XMM CDFS spectra and to the detailed modelling of the continuum and instrumental effects, we have shown that the most distant AGN exhibit a highly significant Fe emission feature. It can be modelled both with narrow and broad lines. We found tantalising evidence for reflection by material both very close and far away from the central engine. The EW of both features are similar to those observed in individual nearby AGN, hence they must be a widespread characteristic of AGN, since otherwise the average values would be smaller than observed.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过X射线光谱学探测遥远活动星系核(AGN)最内层吸积区的物理和几何特性。
  • 研究红移高达z ~ 3.5的AGN中是否存在铁Kα发射线及其特性,此时相对论效应预计将显著。
  • 确定观测到的铁线特征是否与来自遥远冷物质和黑洞附近相对论性展宽吸积盘的反射一致。
  • 评估在高信噪比堆叠谱条件下,观测到的线等效宽度是否代表AGN中普遍存在的现象。
  • 通过大量模拟和对仪器响应函数及红移效应的细致建模,验证结果的可靠性。

提出的方法

  • 从54个具有光谱红移且在静止系2–12 keV能量段信噪比>15的AGN的100组XMM-牛顿EPIC观测中,构建了堆叠X射线谱。
  • 光谱拟合采用幂律连续谱、中性反射成分(pexrav)和相对论性反射成分(laor或kdblur2)的组合,以建模铁线特征。
  • 对EPIC-pn和EPIC-MOS的能量分辨率及响应函数等仪器效应进行了细致建模,并使用gsmooth响应矩阵进行卷积。
  • 通过F检验比较模型,报告Δχ²和Δν的显著性、p值及σ置信水平,以评估模型改进的统计意义。
  • 通过模拟验证观测到的线特征并非虚假,特别评估了低信噪比下展宽线的可探测性。
  • 基于红移(z < 1,z ≥ 1)、吸收情况(吸收/未吸收)和AGN类型(赛弗特星系、类星体)划分子样本,并对每个子样本分别进行光谱拟合。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在高红移AGN(z ~ 3.5)中,铁Kα发射线是否显示出由于中心黑洞附近强引力导致的相对论性展宽的证据?
  • RQ2观测到的铁线特征是否更宜用来自遥远反射的窄线成分,还是来自最内层吸积盘的展宽线成分来描述?
  • RQ3在遥远AGN平均光谱中,铁线的本征等效宽度是多少?与本地AGN相比有何差异?
  • RQ4观测到的线特征是否可由仪器或统计误差导致,还是具有高度显著性?
  • RQ5观测到的线特性(如等效宽度、轮廓形状)是否表明相对论性反射是宇宙时空中AGN中普遍且广泛存在的现象?

主要发现

  • 全样本AGN的平均X射线谱在静止系6.5 keV处显示出高度显著的铁Kα发射线,模型无关等效宽度为95 ± 22 eV,显著性达6.8σ。
  • 铁线最佳拟合为窄线成分(等效宽度 = 67 ± 28 eV)与相对论性展宽线成分(等效宽度 = 140 ± 120 eV)的组合,表明来自遥远区域和最内层吸积盘区域的反射。
  • 相对论性成分在F检验中的显著性为3.6 × 10⁻²(2.1σ),支持在模型中包含展宽线而非仅使用窄线。
  • 全样本的本征柱密度较低(NH ~ 0.24 × 10²² cm⁻²),吸收源的NH值较高(2.84 × 10²² cm⁻²),与中等吸收一致。
  • 在QSO子样本(z ≥ 1)中,相对论性线的等效宽度为228 ± 70 eV,F检验显著性为3.4σ,表明在高红移AGN中存在强展宽成分的证据。
  • 相对论性成分的反射因子约为0.45(全样本),而遥远反射成分的反射因子约为1,表明来自两个区域的反射混合存在。

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