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[论文解读] Three-dimensional phase-field simulations of water freezing and thawing at pore-scale

Pavel Strachota|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 3, 2024
Climate change and permafrostEarth and Planetary Sciences被引用 3
一句话总结

本研究提出了一种用于模拟玻璃微珠孔隙介质中水结冰与融化的三维相场仿真框架,采用新型粒子动力学模型生成多孔结构,并利用混合并行求解器模拟有无表面张力下的相变过程。主要贡献在于成功实现了在孔隙尺度上由表面张力引起的预熔化效应的数值演示,通过定性对比和计算效率分析得到验证。

ABSTRACT

This work deals with numerical simulation of water freezing and thawing in a complex three-dimensional geometry of a porous medium. The porous structure is represented by a virtual container filled with glass beads. Phase transition modeling is approached at both macro-scale and micro-scale, combining heat transfer in a heterogeneous medium and a phase-field approximation of the Gibbs-Thomson relation by means of the Allen-Cahn equation. The formulation of the model contains novel components tailored for the given purpose. At the macro-scale, surface tension effects are negligible and phase transition focusing based on temperature can replace the Allen-Cahn equation. In contrast to that, simulations of equilibrium states at the micro-scale allow to eliminate the heat equation by assuming constant supercooling. For numerical solution, an efficient hybrid parallel algorithm based on the finite volume method and the Runge-Kutta-Merson solver with adaptive time stepping are employed. The results of different model variants at different scales are discussed. In a parametric study, the full phase-field model is demonstrated to deliver consistent results across a wide range of surface tension values, exhibiting curvature-induced premelting if surface tension is artificially exaggerated. As surface tension tends to the realistic values, the results of the phase-field approach those of the simplifed temperature-driven phase transition model. In addition, micro-scale simulations of water freezing at different supercooling values aim to predict the unfrozen water content and compare the results with data from literature. Numerical stability, accuracy, and computational costs are also discussed.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种计算高效的三维数值框架,用于在孔隙尺度上模拟多孔介质中水的结冰与融化过程。
  • 通过一种简单且精确的粒子动力学算法,模拟球形玻璃微珠自组织形成真实多孔床结构,支持恢复系数的可调参数。
  • 对比包含与不包含表面张力的相场模型,研究表面张力对预熔化行为的影响。
  • 基于有限体积法与自适应时间步长的龙格-库塔方法,实现高性能混合并行求解器,以实现高效模拟。
  • 通过使仿真设置与潜在实验配置对齐,为未来与实验数据的验证提供基础。

提出的方法

  • 开发了一种基于球体间指数衰减排斥力的粒子动力学模型,用于模拟在重力与相互碰撞作用下,200个玻璃微珠在容器中的沉降过程。
  • 该模型可准确模拟恢复系数在0(完全非弹性)到1(完全弹性)之间的碰撞,生成稳定且无抖动的静止状态。
  • 采用相场方法模拟热传导与相变过程,包含两种变体:一种包含表面张力(以捕捉预熔化效应),另一种忽略表面张力。
  • 相场公式通过引入针对非均质多孔几何结构的新型组件进行改进,整合了温度依赖的相演化过程。
  • 采用混合并行算法,结合有限体积空间离散化与龙格-库塔-梅森求解器的自适应时间步长,高效稳定求解PDE系统。
  • 数值求解器使用MATLAB与C++实现,通过公开的GitHub仓库(MIT许可证)确保完全可复现性。
Figure 1: Bounce test with the coefficient of restititution $e=1$ and $e=\sqrt{2}/2$ . The ode15s solver was used with options given by odeset(’RelTol’,1e-10,’AbsTol’,1e-8) . Increasing the accuracy further did not result in any visible difference.
Figure 1: Bounce test with the coefficient of restititution $e=1$ and $e=\sqrt{2}/2$ . The ode15s solver was used with options given by odeset(’RelTol’,1e-10,’AbsTol’,1e-8) . Increasing the accuracy further did not result in any visible difference.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在三维多孔介质中,表面张力如何影响孔隙尺度上结冰与融化过程中液-固界面的形成与演化?
  • RQ2是否可通过一种基于指数衰减力的简单粒子动力学模型,准确模拟球形微珠自组织形成具有真实堆积特性的多孔床?
  • RQ3在相场模型中引入表面张力,对高曲率孔隙区域中未冻结水含量(预熔化)的预测有何影响?
  • RQ4在三维孔隙尺度结冰与融化模拟中,计算成本如何随网格分辨率与模型复杂度变化?
  • RQ5所提出的数值框架在多大程度上具备稳定性、准确性与高效性,足以支持未来与实验数据的验证?

主要发现

  • 粒子动力学模型成功通过重力驱动沉降与碰撞解析,生成了稳定且真实的玻璃微珠多孔床,未出现虚假振荡或抖动。
  • 包含表面张力的相场模型正确模拟了预熔化效应,显示在高曲率冰面表面存在一层未冻结水膜,与物理预期一致。
  • 不包含表面张力的模型产生更尖锐、更突变的相变界面,凸显了表面张力在捕捉真实界面行为中的关键作用。
  • 计算成本在三维孔隙尺度模拟中处于可行范围,总仿真时间在384个核心上从约1小时(100³网格)到约90小时(400³网格)不等。
  • 混合并行求解器展现出良好的可扩展性与数值稳定性,自适应时间步长确保了在快速相变期间的精度。
  • 结果在定性上与已知物理现象一致,支持该模型未来在未冻结水含量与界面形态方面的实验数据验证潜力。
(a) Initial configuration
(a) Initial configuration

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