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[论文解读] Tidally induced multipole moments of a nonrotating black hole vanish to all post-Newtonian orders

Eric Poisson|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 16, 2021
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research参考文献 36被引用 22
一句话总结

本文通过使用后牛顿框架定义一个远距离的简化有效物体,证明了在所有后牛顿阶次下,非旋转黑洞的静态潮汐诱导质量多极矩均消失。该证明依赖于一个带电粒子与带电黑洞处于平衡状态的模型,其中静电排斥力与引力吸引力相平衡,且由此产生的潮汐环境不诱导任何多极矩;通过连续性,该结论可推广至中性黑洞。

ABSTRACT

The tidal Love numbers of a black hole vanish, and this is often taken to imply that the hole's tidally induced multipole moments vanish also. An obstacle to establishing a link between these statements is that the multipole moments of individual bodies are not defined in general relativity, when the bodies are subjected to a mutual gravitational interaction. In a previous publication [Phys. Rev. D 103, 064023 (2021)] I promoted the view that individual multipole moments can be defined when the mutual interaction is sufficiently weak to be described by a post-Newtonian expansion. In this view, a compact body is perceived far away as a skeletonized post-Newtonian object with a multipole structure, and the multipole moments can then be related to the body's Love numbers. I expand on this view, and demonstrate that all static, tidally induced, mass multipole moments of a nonrotating black hole vanish to all post-Newtonian orders. The proof rests on a perturbative solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations that describes an electrically charged particle placed in the presence of a charged black hole. The gravitational attraction between particle and black hole is balanced by electrostatic repulsion, and the system is in an equilibrium state. The particle provides a tidal environment to the black hole, and the multipole moments vanish for this environment. I argue that the vanishing is robust, and applies to all slowly-varying tidal environments. The black hole's charge can be as small as desired (though not identically zero); by continuity, the multipole moments of an electrically neutral black hole will continue to vanish.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决广义相对论中,零潮汐洛夫数与零多极矩之间关联的模糊性问题。
  • 为强自引力体建立一个严格、后牛顿阶次的操作性多极矩定义。
  • 证明在弱潮汐相互作用下,非旋转黑洞的这些多极矩均消失。
  • 阐明在引力波辐射与双星旋近背景下,零洛夫数的物理意义。

提出的方法

  • 使用后牛顿框架,通过远离黑洞的简化有效物体来定义多极矩。
  • 分析一个带电粒子与带电黑洞处于平衡的系统,其中引力与静电排斥力相互平衡。
  • 构建爱因斯坦-麦克斯韦方程的微扰解,其潮汐环境具有偶极子特性。
  • 应用规范变换以消除虚假的偶极项,确保正确的渐近行为。
  • 证明在此平衡构型中,所有静态、潮汐诱导的质量多极矩均消失。
  • 通过连续性将结果推广至中性黑洞,因为黑洞电荷可取任意小值。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1非旋转黑洞的潮汐诱导多极矩是否在所有后牛顿阶次下均消失?
  • RQ2能否为弱潮汐场中紧凑天体建立一致的后牛顿阶次多极矩定义?
  • RQ3多极矩的消失是否在包括缓慢变化在内的各种潮汐环境中均成立?
  • RQ4在广义相对论中,洛夫数的消失是否意味着多极矩的消失?若成立,其条件为何?
  • RQ5能否通过连续性将带电黑洞的结果推广至电中性黑洞?

主要发现

  • 在所提出的后牛顿框架下,非旋转黑洞的所有静态、潮汐诱导质量多极矩在所有后牛顿阶次下均消失。
  • 该消失现象在带电粒子与带电黑洞处于平衡的系统中得到证明,其中引力与静电作用力相互平衡。
  • 该平衡构型提供了一个定义良好、缓慢变化的潮汐环境,且不诱导任何多极矩。
  • 该结果具有鲁棒性,并可通过连续性推广至中性黑洞,因为黑洞电荷可被取为任意小。
  • 该证明在广义相对论中建立了零洛夫数与零多极矩之间的坚实联系。
  • 该框架为弱潮汐相互作用下的紧凑天体提供了一致的操作性多极矩定义,解决了先前的模糊性问题。

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