[论文解读] Tiered Mechanisms for Blockchain Transaction Fees
本文提出了一种区块链的分层交易费机制,根据交易的紧迫性动态地将交易分配至价格层和延迟层,从而在保持收入的同时,为低紧迫性交易提供稳定且低廉的费用,同时实现价格歧视。与EIP-1559不同,该机制在拥堵期间不会引发价格飙升,确保了定价的可预测性,并提升了包容性,同时不牺牲收入。
Blockchain systems come with the promise of being inclusive for a variety of decentralized applications (DApps) that can serve different purposes and have different urgency requirements. Despite this, the transaction fee mechanisms currently deployed in popular platforms as well as previous modeling attempts for the associated mechanism design problem focus on an approach that favors increasing prices in favor of those clients who value immediate service during periods of congestion. To address this issue, we introduce a model that captures the traffic diversity of blockchain systems and a tiered pricing mechanism that is capable of implementing more inclusive transaction policies. In this model, we demonstrate formally that EIP-1559, the transaction fee mechanism currently used in Ethereum, is not inclusive and demonstrate experimentally that its prices surge horizontally during periods of congestion. On the other hand, we prove formally that our mechanism achieves stable prices in expectation and we provide experimental results that establish that prices for transactions can be kept low for low urgency transactions, resulting in a diverse set of transaction types entering the blockchain. At the same time, perhaps surprisingly, our mechanism does not necessarily sacrifice revenue since the lowering of the prices for low urgency transactions can be covered from high urgency ones due to the price discrimination ability of the mechanism.
研究动机与目标
- 解决现有区块链费用机制(如EIP-1559)缺乏包容性的问题,后者在拥堵期间优先处理高紧迫性交易并导致价格飙升。
- 使用单调递减的效用函数对区块链交易需求进行建模,以反映交易的紧迫性和时间敏感性。
- 设计一种分层定价机制,根据实时需求和交易紧迫性动态调整各层的价格和延迟。
- 形式化证明该机制在满足不等式14约束条件下,可实现稳定预期价格,并与EIP-1559的稳定性兼容。
- 通过实验验证,该机制可保持低紧迫性交易的低费用,并通过价格歧视实现收入的维持或增长。
提出的方法
- 该机制将区块链交易空间划分为动态数量的层级,每一层具有独立的价格和预期延迟。
- 每位用户根据自身紧迫性选择层级,支付该层级的标价,以确保在该层级的预期延迟内被包含。
- 系统采用标价机制,每100个区块更新一次层级大小和价格,每25个区块调整一次延迟。
- 层级的创建与移除由价格阈值控制:若最低价格降至1以下则新增层级,若价格超过5则移除层级。
- 该机制在形式上被证明与EIP-1559稳定性兼容,并在满足不等式14约束条件下实现稳定预期价格。
- 模型引入依赖紧迫性的效用函数,其价值随延迟递减,从而实现成本与及时性之间的权衡。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1EIP-1559是否因拥堵期间的横向价格飙升而无法有效支持低紧迫性应用?
- RQ2与第一价格拍卖模型相比,分层机制能否稳定交易价格并降低波动性?
- RQ3分层机制在降低低紧迫性交易费用的同时,能在多大程度上维持或增加收入?
- RQ4在不同负载条件下,动态分层如何影响各类交易类型的包含情况?
- RQ5是否可以通过在紧迫性层级间实施价格歧视,同时实现公平性与收入稳定性?
主要发现
- 分层机制实现了稳定预期价格,避免了EIP-1559在拥堵期间出现的横向价格飙升。
- 实验结果表明,低紧迫性交易持续获得更低的费用,从而实现了更广泛的区块链包含。
- 尽管降低了低紧迫性交易的费用,该机制仍通过高紧迫性用户的价格歧视维持或增加了整体收入。
- 在实验的第二阶段(紧迫性与价值相关联),尽管约75%的交易支付更低费用,该机制的平均收入仍高于以太坊。
- 该机制能动态适应负载变化,识别出高紧迫性交易簇并合理定价,同时不推高整体价格水平。
- 系统通过寻找局部最优解避免了不必要的延迟膨胀,确保任一层的延迟无法独立减少而不破坏其保证。
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