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[论文解读] Time-dependence in non-Hermitian quantum systems

Thomas Frith|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2019
Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics参考文献 137被引用 1
一句话总结

本论文通过时变Dyson方程与准Hermiticity方程、Lewis-Riesenfeld不变量以及Darboux变换,构建了一个针对时变非Hermitian量子系统的综合框架。该框架为具有自发性PT对称性破缺的系统(包括两能级模型、自旋系统及耦合振子)提供了解析解,证明了通过时变映射可实现PT对称性的保持或修复,并将该形式化方法应用于熵演化与可解势能的研究。

ABSTRACT

We present a coherent and consistent framework for explicit time-dependence in non-Hermitian quantum mechanics. The area of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics has been growing rapidly over the past twenty years. This has been driven by the fact that $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric non-Hermitian systems exhibit real energy eigenvalues and unitary time evolution. Historically, the introduction of time into the world of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics has been a conceptually difficult problem to address, as it requires the Hamiltonian to become unobservable. We solve this issue with the introduction of a new observable energy operator and explain why its instigation is a necessary and natural progression in this setting. For the first time, the introduction of time has allowed us to make sense of the parameter regime in which the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetry is spontaneously broken. Ordinarily, in the time-independent setting, the energy eigenvalues become complex and the wave functions are asymptotically unbounded. We demonstrate that in the time-dependent setting this broken symmetry can be mended and analysis on the spontaneously broken $\mathcal{PT}$ regime is indeed possible. We provide many examples of this mending on a wide range of different systems, beginning with a $2 imes2$ matrix model and extending to higher dimensional matrix models and coupled harmonic oscillator systems with infinite Hilbert space. Furthermore, we use the framework to perform analysis on time-dependent quasi-exactly solvable models. We present the "eternal life" of entropy in this thesis. Ordinarily, for entangled quantum systems coupled to the environments, the entropy decays rapidly to zero. However, in the spontaneously broken regime, we find the entropy decays asymptotically to a non-zero value. We create an elegant framework for Darboux and Darboux/Crum transformations for time-dependent non-Hermitian Hamiltonians.

研究动机与目标

  • 建立超越静态情形的时变非Hermitian量子力学的严格时变形式化体系。
  • 通过构建时变Dyson映射与准Hermitian结构,解决时变系统中PT对称性破缺的挑战。
  • 将可解方法(如Lewis-Riesenfeld不变量与Darboux变换)拓展至时变非Hermitian哈密顿量。
  • 分析开放非Hermitian系统中的熵动力学,特别是系统-热库模型中的纠缠熵。
  • 利用时变Darboux-Crum变换构造新的可解非Hermitian势能,特别是从复Gordon-Volkov哈密顿量出发。

提出的方法

  • 针对各类哈密顿量类,使用矩阵与代数技巧求解时变Dyson方程与时变准Hermiticity方程。
  • 将Lewis-Riesenfeld不变量应用于时变非Hermitian系统,通过相似变换与Dyson映射建立联系。
  • 利用时变Darboux-Crum变换,从已知势能生成新的可解非Hermitian势能。
  • 通过变换为标准形式,精确求解带耗散项的Ermakov-Pinney方程。
  • 为诸如倒置谐振子及具有i(xy)与ixy相互作用的耦合振子等系统构造时变Dyson映射。
  • 在PT对称条件下,利用冯诺依曼熵分析系统-热库模型中的熵演化,以追踪非幺正动力学。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1对于具有自发性PT对称性破缺的非Hermitian哈密顿量,如何构建其时变Dyson映射?
  • RQ2时变Lewis-Riesenfeld不变量能否用于求解非Hermitian系统中的时变薛定谔方程?
  • RQ3在时变非Hermitian系统中,何种条件可实现破缺PT对称性的修复?
  • RQ4时变Darboux变换如何生成新的可解非Hermitian势能?
  • RQ5在时间演化下,非Hermitian系统-热库模型中的纠缠熵表现出何种行为?

主要发现

  • 当时间依赖性被适当调节时,时变Dyson映射在两能级模型与自旋-1系统中成功恢复了PT对称性。
  • 对于i(xy)耦合振子,构造出的时变Dyson映射保持了有效哈密顿量的Hermiticity,从而实现了精确解。
  • 在PT对称性破缺区域,能量可观测量Ẽ±(t)表现出时间依赖振幅的振荡行为,表明存在非平凡动力学。
  • 在倒置谐振子情形下,推导出的时变Dyson映射维持了系统的物理结构。
  • 通过变换为标准形式,精确求解了带耗散项的Ermakov-Pinney方程,得到了以质量函数积分表示的显式解。
  • 系统-热库模型中的熵演化表现出三种不同行为:振荡、指数衰减与非单调行为,具体取决于耦合强度与时间演化。

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