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[论文解读] Time-Reflection of Microwaves by a Fast Optically-Controlled Time-Boundary

Thomas R. Jones, Alexander V. Kildishev|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 3, 2023
Advanced Photonic Communication SystemsEngineering被引用 3
一句话总结

本论文通过一种光控、皮秒开关的周期性加载PIN光电二极管微带线,首次在0.59 GHz的微波脉冲中实现了时间反射——这是迄今观测到的最高频率。实验直接提供了相位共轭和时间反演波的实验证据,验证了光子时间晶体物理在微波频段的关键理论预测。

ABSTRACT

When an electromagnetic (EM) wave is propagating in a medium whose properties are varied abruptly in time, the wave experiences refractions and reflections known as "time-refractions" and "time-reflections", both manifesting spectral translation as a consequence of the abrupt change of the medium and the conservation of momentum. However, while the time-refracted wave continues to propagate with the same wave-vector, the time-reflected wave is propagating backward with a conjugate phase, despite the lack of any spatial interface. Importantly, while time-refraction is always significant, observing time-reflection poses a major challenge - because it requires a large change in the medium occurring within a single cycle. For that reason, time-reflection of EM waves was observed only recently. Here, we present the observation of microwave pulses at the highest frequency ever observed (0.59 GHz), and the experimental evidence of the phase-conjugation nature of time-reflected waves. Our experiments are carried out in a periodically-loaded microstrip line with optically-controlled picosecond-switchable photodiodes. Our system paves the way to the experimental realization of Photonic Time-Crystals at GHz frequencies.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过实验在微波频率下实现电磁波的时间反射,特别是实现迄今最高的载波频率。
  • 验证时间边界反射理论模型所预测的时间反演波的相位共轭与时间反演特性。
  • 利用高速光电二极管开发一种实用且可重构的微波平台,实现阻抗的超快时间调制。
  • 通过实现近瞬时阻抗切换,使GHz频段光子时间晶体(PTC)的实验实现成为可能。
  • 为未来微波信号处理、人工智能驱动导航和卫星通信提供可扩展、与现实兼容的系统。

提出的方法

  • 系统采用周期性加载的微带传输线,其表面贴装PIN光电二极管在皮秒量级内切换,以引起特性阻抗的突变。
  • 通过激光脉冲列对光电二极管进行光控,以在单个微波信号周期内触发时间边界事件。
  • 微带线设计为最小电气长度并优化带宽,以确保在时间调制事件期间实现脉冲的完全约束。
  • 使用高带宽示波器对输入、透射和时间反射脉冲进行时间域测量,以分析幅度、相位和频率变换。
  • 通过谱相位分析并与理论模型(如动量守恒和波矢共轭)比较,确认相位共轭。
  • 采用啁啾脉冲(具有非线性相位)实验验证反射波中的时间反演行为,结果通过反射信号中正相位斜率得到证实。
Figure 1 : A conceptual 3D illustration of a time boundary’s impact on a two-peak asymmetric pulse. An input two-peak assymetric pulse (yellow ”input pulse”) with the smaller amplitude peak leading the larger, propagates along a periodically-loaded microstrip transmission line. The effective impedan
Figure 1 : A conceptual 3D illustration of a time boundary’s impact on a two-peak asymmetric pulse. An input two-peak assymetric pulse (yellow ”input pulse”) with the smaller amplitude peak leading the larger, propagates along a periodically-loaded microstrip transmission line. The effective impedan

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在超过0.5 GHz的频率下,能否通过满足亚周期开关要求的实验手段观测到微波脉冲的时间反射?
  • RQ2时间反射波是否表现出理论模型所预测的相位共轭与时间反演行为?
  • RQ3传输线的有限长度在多大程度上影响了测量到的时间反射波的频率变换与相位响应?
  • RQ4使用商用高速光电二极管能否实现一种实用且可重构的微波电路,以达到可观测时间反射所需的阻抗调制带宽?
  • RQ5实验结果与时间反射的谱翻译和相位演化理论预测在定量上如何对比?

主要发现

  • 实验在0.59 GHz实现了微波脉冲的时间反射,这是迄今报道的此类现象中最高的载波频率。
  • 在0.43 GHz处,时间反射波表现出约-196.6度的相位偏移,相对于输入信号接近180度的相位反转,证实了相位共轭。
  • 时间反射脉冲的相位斜率为正,表明具有负相位积累(顺时针旋转),与时间反演行为一致。
  • 测得的时间反射波和透射波的频率变换比分别为0.74和0.88,略高于理论值0.67,这是由于传输线有限长度效应所致。
  • 通过使用具有非线性相位的啁啾脉冲,实验确认了反射波的时间反演特性:反射信号表现出正相位斜率,与输入和透射信号相反。
  • 理论、仿真与测量之间表现出极好的一致性,验证了微波系统中时间反射的基本特性。
Figure 2 : The equivalent circuit of a time-reconfigurable periodically-loaded microstrip line. a , Circuit diagram of a time-switched capacitor, where a high-speed photodiode triggered by an optical pulse changes the impedance of the load from State 1 with $C_{1}=C_{\mathrm{a}}$ to State 2 with $C_
Figure 2 : The equivalent circuit of a time-reconfigurable periodically-loaded microstrip line. a , Circuit diagram of a time-switched capacitor, where a high-speed photodiode triggered by an optical pulse changes the impedance of the load from State 1 with $C_{1}=C_{\mathrm{a}}$ to State 2 with $C_

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