[论文解读] Transdimensional 2D Full-Waveform Inversion and Uncertainty Estimation
本文提出一种基于Voronoi单元速度参数化的可逆跳跃哈密顿蒙特卡洛(RJHMC)的跨维数2D全波形反演(FWI)框架,可同时估计模型参数与最优核点数量。该方法实现了对高维模型空间的高效、梯度引导采样,在约15,500个核点下实现了对Marmousi模型的精确重建,并通过后验预测分布量化不确定性。
Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI) has now become a widely accepted tool to obtain high-resolution velocity models from seismic data. Typically, the velocity model in its discrete form is represented on a rectangular grid, and we solve for the elastic properties at these grid points. FWI is mostly solved employing a local optimization method, where one obtains a velocity update by minimizing the misfit between the observed and the calculated seismograms. Note also that FWI is a highly non-linear problem which is known to be prone to non-uniqueness. The convergence to a globally optimum solution is not guaranteed; it depends on the choice of the starting model. Thus, a Bayesian formulation of the inverse problem with subsequent sampling of the posterior distribution is a preferred choice, since it enables uncertainty quantification. However, with the increase in the dimension of a model, sampling search space becomes computationally expensive. We employ a recently developed trans-dimensional sampling method called Reversible Jump Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (RJHMC), to the 2D full waveform inversion problem. We represent our velocity model using Voronoi cells, determined from the distribution of certain nuclei points in the model space. This method offers two advantages. First, it solves for a variable dimensional velocity updates by using a trans-dimensional reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) step and thus tries to achieve an optimum number of nuclei to represent the model and minimize the misfit. A smaller number of parameters helps in an efficient sampling of the model search space. Second, it applies the gradient-based Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) step, which further improves the sampling by allowing the algorithm to take a large step guided by the gradient. This two-step algorithm proves to be a useful tool for model exploration and uncertainty quantification in FWI.
研究动机与目标
- 通过实现自动模型参数化选择,解决全波形反演(FWI)中的非唯一性与高维性问题。
- 利用贝叶斯跨维数框架,改进2D FWI中的模型空间探索与不确定性量化。
- 克服FWI中固定维数参数化带来的局限性,避免因参数数量不 optimal 导致的过拟合或欠拟合。
- 实现一种计算高效的采样策略,通过简约贝叶斯推断在模型复杂度与数据拟合之间取得平衡。
- 展示在具有不确定性量化的现实2D FWI中,结合Voronoi单元与RJHMC的可行性。
提出的方法
- 速度模型通过在2D区域内可变数量的核点生成的Voronoi单元表示,实现自适应的空间分辨率。
- 采用跨维数可逆跳跃马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(RJMCMC)步骤,在采样过程中动态调整核点数量,以确定最优模型复杂度。
- 哈密顿蒙特卡洛(HMC)步骤利用目标函数残差的梯度信息,实现模型空间中的大步长、高效跳跃,提升混合效率与收敛速度。
- 该算法采用两步法结合RJMCMC与HMC:首先提出模型维度(核点数量)的变化,其次执行基于梯度的核点位置与速度更新。
- 采用两级检查点策略,管理存储正向与伴随波场带来的高内存需求,实现高效的GPU计算并配合NVMe存储。
- 通过贝叶斯框架对后验分布进行采样,参数较少的模型自然更受青睐,从而促进简约性并减少过拟合。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1与固定网格FWI相比,采用自适应参数化的跨维数FWI是否能提升模型分辨率与不确定性量化?
- RQ2RJHMC与基于Voronoi单元的参数化相结合,对2D FWI中的采样效率与收敛性有何影响?
- RQ3在数据约束下,准确重建Marmousi等复杂速度模型所需的最优核点数量是多少?
- RQ4在高维FWI问题中,采用简约性的贝叶斯框架在多大程度上减少了过拟合?
- RQ5基于梯度的HMC步骤在多大程度上增强了FWI中对复杂非线性模型空间的探索能力?
主要发现
- RJHMC算法仅使用约15,500个核点即成功重建了Marmousi速度模型,远少于最大可能的192,517个网格点。
- 后验分布峰值出现在约16,000个核点,表明数据决定了最优且简约的模型复杂度,与贝叶斯简约性一致。
- 该方法实现了精确的速度模型恢复,且参数化程度最低,表现为后验样本在最优核点数量附近高度集中。
- 基于梯度的HMC步骤实现了大步长、高效的模型空间跳跃,显著提升了采样效率,优于标准MCMC方法。
- 两级检查点技术有效管理了高内存需求,支持持续的GPU计算并实现后台数据传输。
- 从后验预测分布中采样得到的多个模型,实现了对2D FWI中P波速度估计的稳健不确定性量化。
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