[论文解读] Trends in risks of severe events and lengths of stay for COVID-19 hospitalisations in England over the pre-vaccination era: results from the Public Health England SARI-Watch surveillance scheme
本研究利用英格兰公共卫生部SARI-Watch监测系统2020年3月至12月的数据,分析了英格兰COVID-19患者严重结局和住院时长的趋势。通过参数化多状态混合模型发现,尽管病例死亡率和ICU入院风险在初期有所下降,但到年底急剧上升,尤其在老年人群和合并基础疾病者中更为显著,同时住院时长中位数也随时间显著延长。
Background: Trends in hospitalised case-fatality risk (HFR), risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and lengths of stay for patients hospitalised for COVID-19 in England over the pre-vaccination era are unknown. Methods: Data on hospital and ICU admissions with COVID-19 at 31 NHS trusts in England were collected by Public Health England's Severe Acute Respiratory Infections surveillance system and linked to death information. We applied parametric multi-state mixture models, accounting for censored outcomes and regressing risks and times between events on month of admission, geography, and baseline characteristics. Findings: 20,785 adults were admitted with COVID-19 in 2020. Between March and June/July/August estimated HFR reduced from 31.9% (95% confidence interval 30.3-33.5%) to 10.9% (9.4-12.7%), then rose steadily from 21.6% (18.4-25.5%) in September to 25.7% (23.0-29.2%) in December, with steeper increases among older patients, those with multi-morbidity and outside London/South of England. ICU admission risk reduced from 13.9% (12.8-15.2%) in March to 6.2% (5.3-7.1%) in May, rising to a high of 14.2% (11.1-17.2%) in September. Median length of stay in non-critical care increased during 2020, from 6.6 to 12.3 days for those dying, and from 6.1 to 9.3 days for those discharged. Interpretation: Initial improvements in patient outcomes, corresponding to developments in clinical practice, were not sustained throughout 2020, with HFR in December approaching the levels seen at the start of the pandemic, whilst median hospital stays have lengthened. The role of increased transmission, new variants, case-mix and hospital pressures in increasing COVID-19 severity requires urgent further investigation.
研究动机与目标
- 了解2020年3月至12月英格兰在疫苗接种前阶段COVID-19住院结局的时间趋势。
- 评估病例死亡风险(HFR)、ICU入院风险和住院时长随时间的变化。
- 研究患者特征(如年龄、合并症)和地理因素如何影响结局风险。
- 探讨病例构成变化、医院压力以及新出现的病毒变异株在结局恶化中的作用。
提出的方法
- 利用英格兰31家NHS信托机构的公共卫生部SARI-Watch监测系统数据。
- 将住院和ICU入院数据与国家死亡登记信息链接,实现完整的结局追踪。
- 应用参数化多状态混合模型,对右删失数据估计时间至事件结局。
- 将死亡和ICU入院风险以及住院时长建模为入院月份、地理区域和基线患者特征的函数。
- 通过回归校正的生存模型,考虑随时间变化的影响和结局异质性。
- 使用95%置信区间量化估计趋势和风险变化的不确定性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ12020年3月至12月期间,英格兰COVID-19患者的住院病例死亡率(HFR)如何变化?
- RQ2同一时期住院患者的ICU入院风险和中位住院时长有何趋势?
- RQ3年龄、合并症以及地理区域(如伦敦与英格兰南部)如何影响严重结局的风险?
- RQ4病例构成变化或医疗系统压力的增加在多大程度上导致了结局随时间的恶化?
- RQ5观察到的结局趋势是否反映了临床实践的改善,还是由于新病毒变异株导致的疾病严重程度增加?
主要发现
- 住院病例死亡率(HFR)从3月的31.9%(95%置信区间:30.3–33.5%)下降至6月至8月的10.9%(95%置信区间:9.4–12.7%),随后到12月回升至25.7%(95%置信区间:23.0–29.2%)。
- ICU入院风险从3月的13.9%(95%置信区间:12.8–15.2%)下降至5月的6.2%(95%置信区间:5.3–7.1%),随后在9月达到14.2%(95%置信区间:11.1–17.2%)的峰值。
- 非重症护理病房的中位住院时长,死亡患者从6.6天增至12.3天,出院患者从6.1天增至9.3天。
- HFR和住院时长的上升在老年人群、多病共患患者以及伦敦和英格兰南部以外地区的患者中最为显著。
- 到12月,HFR的回升趋势接近疫情初期水平,尽管此前已有临床改善。
- 本研究强调迫切需要调查传播增加、新病毒变异株、病例构成变化以及医疗系统压力在导致结局恶化中的作用。
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