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[论文解读] Two-dimensional Dirac nodal-line semimetal protected by symmetry

Xingxia Cui, Yafei Li|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 30, 2020
Topological Materials and Phenomena参考文献 50被引用 4
一句话总结

本论文首次实验实现了由本征晶体现象对称性保护的二维狄拉克节点线半金属(2D DNLS),具体为在黑磷衬底上外延生长的三原子层铋(3-AL Bi(110))薄膜。3-AL Bi(110)结构的非对称空间群对称性从自旋-轨道耦合中拓扑保护狄拉克节点线,实现了具有四重简并的稳健线性色散狄拉克能带,该结果通过分子束外延(MBE)、扫描隧道显微镜(STM)、非接触原子力显微镜(nc-AFM)、密度泛函理论(DFT)及空间群分析得到证实。

ABSTRACT

Dirac nodal line semimetals (DNLSs) host relativistic quasiparticles in their one-dimensional (1D) Dirac nodal line (DNL) bands that are protected by certain crystalline symmetries. Their novel low-energy fermion quasiparticle excitations and transport properties invite studies of relativistic physics in the solid state where their linearly dispersing Dirac bands cross at continuous lines with four-fold degeneracy. In materials studied up to now, the four-fold degeneracy, however, has been vulnerable to suppression by the ubiquitous spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Despite the current effort to discover 3D DNLSs that are robust to SOC by theory, positive experimental evidence is yet to emerge. In 2D DNLSs, because of the decreased total density of states as compared with their 3D counterparts, it is anticipated that their physical properties would be dominated by the electronic states defined by the DNL. It has been even more challenging, however, to discover robust 2D DNLSs against SOC because of their lowered symmetry; no such materials have yet been predicted by theory. By combining molecular beam epitaxy growth, STM, nc-AFM characterisation, with DFT calculations and space group theory analysis, here we reveal a novel class of 2D crystalline DNLSs that host the exact symmetry that protects them against SOC. The discovered quantum material is a brick phase 3-AL Bi(110), whose symmetry protection and thermal stability are imparted by the compressive vdW epitaxial growth on black phosphorus substrates. The BP substrate templates the growth of 3-AL Bi(110) nano-islands in a non-symmorphic space group structure. This crystalline symmetry protects the DNL electronic phase against SOC independent of any orbital or elemental factors. We theoretically establish that this intrinsic symmetry imparts a general, robust protection of DNL in a series of isostructural 2D quantum materials.

研究动机与目标

  • 发现一种对自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)具有鲁棒性的二维狄拉克节点线半金属(2D DNLS),这是2D系统中的重大挑战,因对称性降低所致。
  • 识别一种本征晶体对称性机制,可独立于轨道或元素因素,对狄拉克节点线(DNL)提供内在拓扑保护。
  • 证明此类对称性保护可在二维量子材料中实现稳定且四重简并的狄拉克节点线能带,具有线性色散特性。

提出的方法

  • 采用分子束外延(MBE)在黑磷衬底上生长三原子层铋(3-AL Bi(110))纳米岛。
  • 利用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和非接触原子力显微镜(nc-AFM)表征3-AL Bi(110)纳米岛的原子结构与表面形貌。
  • 通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算分析电子能带结构,并确认存在具有四重简并的狄拉克节点线。
  • 应用空间群理论分析,识别出负责狄拉克节点线拓扑保护的非对称空间群对称性(特别是I4/mmm空间群)。
  • 证明黑磷衬底产生的外延应变可稳定3-AL Bi(110)相,并强制实现保护狄拉克节点线的对称性。
  • 理论建模表明,该对称性保护机制可推广至一系列具有相同结构的二维材料。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否在2D系统中稳定实现对自旋-轨道耦合具有鲁棒保护的二维狄拉克节点线半金属?
  • RQ2在2D材料中,何种特定晶体对称性可提供独立于电子或元素因素的狄拉克节点线内在拓扑保护?
  • RQ3在黑磷上外延生长如何影响具有非对称空间群对称性的3-AL Bi(110)相的形成?
  • RQ43-AL Bi(110)中的非对称空间群对称性在多大程度上防止了狄拉克节点线处四重简并的拆分?
  • RQ5在3-AL Bi(110)中观察到的对称性保护机制是否可推广至具有类似晶体结构的其他2D材料?

主要发现

  • 在黑磷衬底上生长的3-AL Bi(110)薄膜表现出具有四重简并的狄拉克节点线(DNL),该结果经DFT计算与STM测量证实。
  • DNL由3-AL Bi(110)结构的非对称空间群对称性(I4/mmm)拓扑保护,可防止自旋-轨道耦合引起的能级分裂。
  • 在黑磷衬底上的外延生长诱导了压缩应变,稳定了3-AL Bi(110)相,并强制实现保护DNL的对称性。
  • 理论分析证实,该对称性保护具有普适性,适用于一系列具有相同结构的2D材料,而不仅限于铋。
  • 3-AL Bi(110)体系表现出高热稳定性和清晰的原子层结构,有利于对DNL相的稳健观测。
  • DNL中未观察到自旋-轨道耦合引起的能级分裂,完全归因于晶体对称性,而非材料特异的电子或轨道特性。

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