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[论文解读] Ultra-high energy cosmic rays and new physics

S. Sarkar|ArXiv.org|Feb 3, 2002
Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena被引用 3
一句话总结

本文探讨了超出标准模型的奇特物理现象,以解释超过GZK截止能量的超高能宇宙射线(UHECRs),提出这些宇宙射线源自银河系晕中衰变的超大质量原初粒子——'wimpzillas'。这些假想的暗物质粒子衰变为核子,产生与观测到的UHECR数据一致的能量谱和各向异性,为天体物理源或新相互作用提供了一种可检验的替代解释。

ABSTRACT

Cosmic rays with energies beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin `cutoff' at $\sim 4 imes 10^{10}$ GeV pose a conundrum, the solution of which requires either drastic revision of our astrophysical understanding, or new physics beyond the Standard Model. Nucleons of such energies must originate within the local supercluster in order to avoid excessive energy losses through photopion production on the cosmic microwave background. However they do not point back towards possible nearby sources, e.g. the active galaxy Cen A or M87 in the Virgo cluster, so such an astrophysical origin requires intergalactic magnetic fields to be a hundred times stronger than previously believed, in order to isotropise their arrival directions. Alternatively the primaries may be high energy neutrinos, say from distant gamma-ray bursts, which annihilate on the local relic background neutrinos to create ``Z-bursts''. A related possibility is that the primary neutinos may initiate the observed air showers directly if their interaction cross-sections are boosted to hadronic strength through non-perturbative physics such as TeV-scale quantum gravity. Or the primaries may instead be new strongly interacting neutral particles with a longer mean free path than nucleons, coming perhaps from distant BL-Lac objects or FR-II radio galaxies. Yet another possibility is that Lorentz invariance is violated at high energies thus suppressing the energy loss processes altogether. The idea that has perhaps been studied in most detail is that such cosmic rays originate from the decays of massive relic particles (``wimpzillas'') clustered as dark matter in the galactic halo. All these hypotheses will soon be critically tested by the Pierre Auger Observatory, presently under construction in Argentina, and by proposed satellite experiments such as EUSO.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决超高能宇宙射线(UHECRs)超过GZK截止这一悖论,该悖论挑战了标准天体物理模型。
  • 研究UHECRs是否源自衰变的超大质量原初粒子(wimpzillas),而非遥远的天体物理源。
  • 通过将预测的UHECR能量谱和各向异性与观测数据对比,检验wimpzillas作为暗物质候选者的可行性。
  • 评估未来实验(如Pierre Auger和EUSO)在区分UHECR的天体物理起源与新物理起源方面的潜力。

提出的方法

  • 使用DGLAP演化方程,将碎片函数从LEP能量演化至衰变wimpzillas的质量尺度。
  • 利用QCD碎片函数对wimpzillas的强子衰变产物建模,以预测核子的能量谱。
  • 通过建模银河系暗物质晕的不同密度分布(尖锐核心、等温、三轴、倾斜)来模拟UHECR的角分布。
  • 计算预期的各向异性功率谱,并与UHECR到达方向的观测约束进行比较。
  • 评估衰变产生的光子组分与Haverah Park限值的符合程度,同时考虑射电背景中的可能衰减。
  • 评估由于晕中暗物质分布的团块结构,UHECR到达方向聚集的可探测性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否通过银河系晕中大质量原初粒子的衰变来解释GZK截止以上观测到的UHECR能谱?
  • RQ2如果UHECRs源自不同晕形貌(尖锐核心、等温等)的wimpzillas衰变,其UHECR到达方向的预期各向异性模式是什么?
  • RQ3wimpzillas衰变预测的光子与核子组分与观测限值(特别是Haverah Park数据)相比如何?
  • RQ4UHECR事件的聚集是否可作为区分wimpzillas衰变与各向同性天体物理源的特征信号?
  • RQ5未来实验如Pierre Auger和EUSO在多大程度上可区分wimpzillas衰变与其他UHECR起源假说?

主要发现

  • 质量为$5 \times 10^{12}\,{\rm GeV}$的wimpzillas衰变产生的核子谱与GZK截止以上UHECR的'平坦'成分一致。
  • 预测的各向异性振幅在尖锐核心晕中约为0.5,在等温晕中降至约0.3,最大功率出现在银河系中心方向。
  • 该模型预测的光子组分比观测限值多出约2倍,表明除非射电背景中光子衰减显著,否则可能与Haverah Park数据存在冲突。
  • M31的晕不够明亮,无法为wimpzillas假说提供确凿证据,排除了与M31的简单关联。
  • 该模型预测由于暗物质晕的团块结构,UHECR到达方向将表现出可观测的聚集,提供可证伪的特征信号。
  • 若发现UHECRs为重核素,则该模型可被排除,因为wimpzillas衰变模型预测其组成为以核子为主。

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