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[论文解读] Undermassive Host Galaxies of Five z~6 Luminous Quasars Detected with JWST

Meredith A. Stone, Jianwei Lyu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 27, 2023
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena被引用 8
一句话总结

这项研究使用 JWST/NIRCam 和 NIRSpec 在五个高红移准恒星状星系中进行 PSF 次星光扣除,推导宿主星系质量极限和黑洞质量,并发现 SMBH 相对于宿主过大且与本地关系相比存在较大散布。

ABSTRACT

We measure host galaxy stellar masses for a sample of five luminous quasars at $z\sim5-7$. Using JWST/NIRCam medium-band images of nearby PSF reference stars, we carefully subtract the contribution from the quasar light to place upper and lower limits on the flux of each host galaxy. We find that the members of our sample of quasar host galaxies have masses of $10^{9.7} - 10^{10.8} M_{\odot}$, significantly less than expected from their SMBH masses and the local \magorrian relation. We additionally obtain JWST/NIRSpec IFU spectra of three of our quasars to calculate black hole masses, which we find are consistent with those in the literature, and to search for the presence of a bright but compact galaxy via a Balmer break, which we do not find evidence for. We discuss the potential effects of dust extinction on our measured fluxes and the impact of selection effects on high-redshift quasar samples. We conclude that the masses of the SMBHs relative to the host galaxy stellar masses have a much larger scatter than locally, large enough that these selection effects cannot be responsible. The result is reinforced by other studies. Finally, we explore the potential implications of these results on the picture of SMBH-galaxy coeval growth in the early Universe.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用 JWST 成像与光谱学研究五个亮度较高的 z~5-7 准恒星状星系的恒星质量。
  • 评估高-redshift 宿主是否遵循本地的 M_BH–M_* 关系或显示偏离。
  • 通过发射线测量黑洞质量并约束 Balmer-break 特征以评估宿主特性。
  • 评估高红移准恒星状星系宿主研究中的潜在偏差和选择效应。
  • 讨论早期宇宙 SMBH-星系协同进化的意义。

提出的方法

  • 获得 JWST/NIRCam 在多波段中等带(F210M、F360M、F410M、F430M、F480M)的成像,以及邻近的 PSF 参考星用于 PSF 次星光扣除。
  • 通过匹配并扣除参考恒星 PSF 来对每个准恒星状星系图像进行 PSF 次星光扣除,以搜索扩展的宿主星系发射。
  • 以 0.4 arcsec 光斑估计宿主星系通量,并通过探索 PSF 归一化和 Sérsic 曲线拟合来避免过扣除,从而得到上限。
  • 使用在 z~6 的 rest-frame ~3.6 μm 通量(IRAC Band 1)与 M_* 的经验关系对宿主质量进行标定,排除非常年轻(<10 Myr)的恒星群。
  • 对三个准恒星状星系,使用 NIRSpec IFU 数据测量基于 Hβ 和 Hα 的黑洞质量,并搜索 Balmer-break 标签;应用标准的 库尔维特质量标定(如 Vestergaard & Peterson 2006)。
  • 讨论尘埃效应与可能影响通量和质量估计的选择偏差。
Figure 1: The normalized quasar and PSF star radial profiles. The quasars (columns) are shown in order of increasing redshift left to right, with the filter labeled. The quasar profile is shown as a blue solid line, and the radial profile of its corresponding PSF star, with the best-fit scaling to m
Figure 1: The normalized quasar and PSF star radial profiles. The quasars (columns) are shown in order of increasing redshift left to right, with the filter labeled. The quasar profile is shown as a blue solid line, and the radial profile of its corresponding PSF star, with the best-fit scaling to m

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1五个 z~5-7 亮度较高的准恒星状星系的宿主星系是否具备与本地 M_BH–M_* 关系一致的恒星质量,还是显得不足?
  • RQ2通过 Hβ 和 Hα 推断的这些准恒星状星系的黑洞质量是多少,与此前测量相比如何?
  • RQ3在 NIRSpec 数据中是否有 Balmer-break 特征指示的明亮、紧凑的宿主星系证据?
  • RQ4可能影响高红移 SMBH–宿主协同进化解释的偏差或选择效应有哪些?

主要发现

  • 宿主星系质量上限位于 log(M_*/M_sun) ≈ 9.7–10.8 的范围内,与它们的 SMBH 质量相比,远低于本地 M_BH–M_* 关系的预期。
  • 三个准恒星状星系给出来自 Hβ/Hα 的 SMBH 质量,与文献值一致,如两对象的 log(M_BH/M_sun) ≈ 9.3–9.4;一个高-z 源的下限 >8.5。
  • PSF 次星光扣除在大多数情况下未揭示明确的扩展宿主发射;只有 J2239+0207 在 F360M 和 F480M 中显示出可能的检测。
  • 在 NIRSpec 谱段中对 Balmer-break 的搜索没有强有力的证据表明存在明亮、紧凑的宿主星系;最佳拟合的 Balmer-break 在统计上并不显著。
  • 考虑了尘埃消光与选择效应;在 z~6 时观测到的 M_BH 相对于 M_* 的散布很大,暗示真实演化或相对于本地关系的散布增加,而不仅仅是偏差。
  • 结果与其他 JWST 研究一致,即高-z SMBH 往往相对于宿主过大且散布较大。
Figure 2: Our five observed quasars after subtraction of their stellar PSFs, normalized by the total (Poissonian + pixel) error budget. Each quasar (columns) is imaged in two or three bands between observed-frame 2.1 and 4.8 $\mu$ m (rows). The 0.4″radius aperture used to extract galaxy fluxes and u
Figure 2: Our five observed quasars after subtraction of their stellar PSFs, normalized by the total (Poissonian + pixel) error budget. Each quasar (columns) is imaged in two or three bands between observed-frame 2.1 and 4.8 $\mu$ m (rows). The 0.4″radius aperture used to extract galaxy fluxes and u

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