[论文解读] Unsupervised Extraction of Phenotypes from Cancer Clinical Notes for Association Studies
本文提出一种无监督方法,通过医学术语和句子的聚类,从非结构化的癌症临床笔记中提取表型特征,实现与体细胞突变谱的关联研究。该方法应用于65,000份文档和320万条句子,识别出341个显著关联,其中包括32个新颖且生物上合理的假设,将临床特征与基因突变联系起来。
The recent adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) by health care providers has introduced an important source of data that provides detailed and highly specific insights into patient phenotypes over large cohorts. These datasets, in combination with machine learning and statistical approaches, generate new opportunities for research and clinical care. However, many methods require the patient representations to be in structured formats, while the information in the EHR is often locked in unstructured texts designed for human readability. In this work, we develop the methodology to automatically extract clinical features from clinical narratives from large EHR corpora without the need for prior knowledge. We consider medical terms and sentences appearing in clinical narratives as atomic information units. We propose an efficient clustering strategy suitable for the analysis of large text corpora and to utilize the clusters to represent information about the patient compactly. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we perform an association study of clinical features with somatic mutation profiles from 4,007 cancer patients and their tumors. We apply the proposed algorithm to a dataset consisting of about 65 thousand documents with a total of about 3.2 million sentences. We identify 341 significant statistical associations between the presence of somatic mutations and clinical features. We annotated these associations according to their novelty, and report several known associations. We also propose 32 testable hypotheses where the underlying biological mechanism does not appear to be known but plausible. These results illustrate that the automated discovery of clinical features is possible and the joint analysis of clinical and genetic datasets can generate appealing new hypotheses.
研究动机与目标
- 解决从大规模电子健康记录(EHR)数据集中非结构化临床叙述中提取可操作表型信息的挑战。
- 开发一种可扩展的无监督方法,无需事先了解或人工标注临床特征。
- 实现提取的临床特征与癌症患者体细胞突变谱之间的关联研究。
- 发现新颖且生物上合理的假设,将临床表型与肿瘤基因组学联系起来。
- 展示使用EHR文本进行自动化、大规模全表型组关联研究的可行性。
提出的方法
- 该方法将临床笔记中的单个医学术语和句子视为分析的原子信息单元。
- 在65,000份临床文档的大型语料库中,应用高效的聚类策略,对相似术语和句子进行分组。
- 聚类结果用于紧凑表示患者层面的临床特征,形成结构化的表型谱。
- 该方法利用自然语言处理和嵌入技术,在无监督条件下对语义相似的临床表达进行分组。
- 在4,007名癌症患者中,对每个聚类(作为临床特征)的存在与体细胞突变状态进行关联检验。
- 评估统计显著性,并对新颖或生物上合理的关联进行标记,以供进一步研究。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1无监督聚类临床文本术语和句子能否有效从非结构化EHR笔记中提取有意义的表型特征?
- RQ2提取的临床特征与已知体细胞突变关联之间的重叠程度如何?
- RQ3该方法能否生成新颖且生物上合理的假设,将临床表型与肿瘤基因组学联系起来?
- RQ4当应用于包含数百万句子的大规模EHR语料库时,该方法的可扩展性如何?
- RQ5无监督特征提取在多大程度上能够支持癌症基因组学中的全表型组关联研究?
主要发现
- 该方法成功在4,007名癌症患者中提取出341个临床特征与体细胞突变之间的统计显著关联。
- 在341个关联中,有32个被识别为新颖且生物上合理,提示临床观察与肿瘤基因组学之间可能存在新的联系。
- 该方法展示了可扩展性,成功处理了约65,000份临床文档和320万条句子。
- 已知的关联得到恢复,验证了该方法检测已确立的临床-基因组关系的能力。
- 聚类策略实现了从非结构化文本中对患者表型的紧凑且可解释的表示。
- 结果表明,无监督NLP技术能够有效支持癌症研究中大规模、假设生成型的关联研究。
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