[论文解读] Uplink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access with Finite-Alphabet Inputs
本文提出了一种新颖的非正交多址接入(NOMA)设计,针对具有有限星座QAM输入的两用户上行链路多址接入信道,通过优化功率和相位标度以最大化接收合并星座的最小欧几里得距离。通过引入一种新的‘打孔法里序列’来解决混合连续-离散优化问题,该方法实现了规则的M₁²M₂²-QAM合并星座,从而支持低复杂度的ML检测,并证明在总速率约束下NOMA的最小距离性能优于TDMA。
This paper focuses on the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) design for a classical two-user multiple access channel (MAC) with finite-alphabet inputs. We consider practical quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations at both transmitters, the sizes of which are assumed to be not necessarily identical. We propose to maximize the minimum Euclidean distance of the received sum-constellation with a maximum likelihood (ML) detector by adjusting the scaling factors (i.e., instantaneous transmitted powers and phases) of both users. The formulated problem is a mixed continuous-discrete optimization problem, which is nontrivial to resolve in general. By carefully observing the structure of the objective function, we discover that Farey sequence can be applied to tackle the formulated problem. However, the existing Farey sequence is not applicable when the constellation sizes of the two users are not the same. Motivated by this, we define a new type of Farey sequence, termed punched Farey sequence. Based on this, we manage to achieve a closed-form optimal solution to the original problem by first dividing the entire feasible region into a finite number of Farey intervals and then taking the maximum over all the possible intervals. The resulting sum-constellation is proved to be a regular QAM constellation of a larger size. Moreover, the superiority of NOMA over time-division multiple access (TDMA) in terms of minimum Euclidean distance is rigorously proved. Furthermore, the optimal rate allocation among the two users is obtained in closed-form to further maximize the obtained minimum Euclidean distance of the received signal subject to a total rate constraint. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify our theoretical analysis and demonstrate the merits of the proposed NOMA over existing orthogonal and non-orthogonal designs.
研究动机与目标
- 为解决现有NOMA设计中缺乏使用有限星座输入(如QAM)而非理想化高斯输入的实际应用问题。
- 在非相同QAM星座大小的两用户上行链路NOMA系统中,最大化接收合并星座的最小欧几里得距离。
- 在总速率约束下,推导出功率和相位标度的闭式解,以实现最优速率分配。
- 证明采用有限星座输入的NOMA在最小距离性能上优于时分多址接入(TDMA)。
- 通过确保合并星座为规则QAM星座,设计一种实用且低复杂度的检测方案。
提出的方法
- 引入一种新的数学构造——‘打孔法里序列’,以处理QAM星座大小不同时的混合连续-离散优化问题。
- 基于新序列将可行的功率和相位空间划分为有限个法里区间,以实现系统的优化。
- 通过确保合并星座为大小为M₁²M₂²的规则QAM星座,实现最大似然(ML)检测。
- 基于信道增益和星座大小,推导出功率和相位标度因子的闭式最优解(w₁*, w₂*)。
- 利用信道增益|h₁|, |h₂|和QAM参数M₁, M₂进行代数运算,将最优解表示为归一化信道增益的形式。
- 推导渐近解,以揭示在高信噪比或极端信道增益条件下的最优速率分配特性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在非相同星座大小的有限星座QAM输入下,能否为NOMA的功率和相位优化推导出闭式解?
- RQ2所提出的NOMA设计在接收合并星座的最小欧几里得距离方面与TDMA相比如何?
- RQ3能否使合并星座成为规则QAM星座,以支持低复杂度检测?
- RQ4在总速率约束下,如何实现用户间最优速率分配以最大化最小距离?
- RQ5信道增益比与星座大小如何共同影响NOMA相对于TDMA的性能增益?
主要发现
- 所提出的NOMA设计实现了规则的M₁²M₂²-QAM合并星座,支持基于量化技术的简单ML检测。
- 证明了在所有信道增益比下,NOMA合并星座的最小欧几里得距离严格大于TDMA。
- 推导出最优功率和相位标度因子的闭式解,其依赖于|h₂|/|h₁|的比值以及星座大小M₁和M₂。
- 在总速率约束下,最小距离被最大化,且最优速率分配以闭式形式推导得出。
- 渐近分析表明,当某一用户信道显著更强时,应将更多速率分配给较弱用户,以最大化分集增益。
- 仿真结果验证了理论分析,并表明所提出的NOMA在最小距离和误码率方面均优于正交与非正交设计。
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