[论文解读] Upper limits to interstellar NH+ and para-NH2- abundances. Herschel-HIFI observations towards Sgr B2 (M) and G10.6-0.4 (W31C)
本研究利用深度赫歇尔-HIFI观测,搜寻了Sgr B2(M)和G10.6−0.4中的星际NH⁺与正-NH₂⁻,分别得出NH⁺丰度的上限分别为≤2×10⁻¹²和≤7×10⁻¹³,以及Sgr B2(M)中正-NH₂⁻的上限为≤8×10⁻¹³。结果表明,NH⁺可能仅在电离率增强的区域可被探测到,而正-NH₂⁻由于预测丰度极低,仍极为难以探测。
The understanding of interstellar nitrogen chemistry has improved significantly with recent results from the Herschel Space Observatory. To set even better constraints, we report here on deep searches for the NH+ ground state rotational transition J=1.5-0.5 of the ^2Pi_1/2 lower spin ladder, with fine-structure transitions at 1013 and 1019 GHz, and the para-NH2- 1_1,1-0_0,0 rotational transition at 934 GHz towards Sgr B2(M) and G10.6-0.4 using Herschel-HIFI. No clear detections of NH+ are made and the derived upper limits are <2*10^-12 and <7*10^-13 in Sgr B2(M) and G10.6-0.4, respectively. The searches are complicated by the fact that the 1013 GHz transition lies only -2.5 km/s from a CH2NH line, seen in absorption in Sgr B2(M), and that the hyperfine structure components in the 1019 GHz transition are spread over 134 km/s. Searches for the so far undetected NH2- anion turned out to be unfruitful towards G10.6-0.4, while the para-NH2- 1_1,1-0_0,0 transition was tentatively detected towards Sgr B2(M) at a velocity of 19 km/s. Assuming that the absorption occurs at the nominal source velocity of +64 km/s, the rest frequency would be 933.996 GHz, offset by 141 MHz from our estimated value. Using this feature as an upper limit, we found N(p-NH2-)<4*10^11 cm^-2. The upper limits for both species in the diffuse line-of-sight gas are less than 0.1 to 2 % of the values found for NH, NH2, and NH3 towards both sources. Chemical modelling predicts an NH+ abundance a few times lower than our present upper limits in diffuse gas and under typical Sgr B2(M) envelope conditions. The NH2- abundance is predicted to be several orders of magnitudes lower than our observed limits, hence not supporting our tentative detection. Thus, while NH2- may be very difficult to detect in interstellar space, it could, be possible to detect NH+ in regions where the ionisation rates of H2 and N are greatly enhanced.
研究动机与目标
- 利用高分辨率亚毫米波光谱法,搜寻星际NH⁺与正-NH₂⁻的基态转动能级跃迁。
- 约束NH⁺与正-NH₂⁻在致密和稀薄星际环境中的丰度,特别是在Sgr B2(M)和G10.6−0.4中的丰度。
- 评估光谱混淆与超精细结构复杂性对1013 GHz与1019 GHz处NH⁺探测的影响。
- 将化学模型预测与观测上限进行对比,以评估NH⁺与正-NH₂⁻生成路径的可行性。
- 探索在电离率增强区域开展未来NH⁺搜寻的可能性,以实现其探测。
提出的方法
- 在1013 GHz(NH⁺ J=1.5⁻-0.5⁺)、1019 GHz(NH⁺ J=1.5⁺-0.5⁻)和934 GHz(正-NH₂⁻ 1₁,₁–0₀,₀)波段,利用赫歇尔异波混频远红外仪(HIFI)进行高分辨率、高灵敏度观测。
- 分析了Sgr B2(M)和G10.6−0.4的光谱,重点关注1013 GHz处的NH⁺谱线,该谱线仅与CH₂NH吸收线相距−2.5 km s⁻¹。
- 考虑了1019 GHz处NH⁺跃迁的超精细结构,其展宽达134 km s⁻¹,增加了探测难度。
- 利用观测噪声水平(1σ/T_C)推导出线强度的3σ上限,并将其转换为柱密度。
- 通过H₂柱密度估计值,将柱密度转换为相对于H核的相对丰度。
- 将观测上限与包含气相反应和表面反应的拟时变化学模型预测值进行比较。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1Sgr B2(M)分子包层与G10.6−0.4分子云中,NH⁺的星际丰度上限是多少?
- RQ2正-NH₂⁻是否可在星际介质中被探测到?其在Sgr B2(M)和G10.6−0.4中的丰度约束为何?
- RQ3光谱混淆与超精细结构如何影响1013 GHz与1019 GHz处NH⁺的探测?
- RQ4当前化学模型预测的NH⁺与正-NH₂⁻丰度是否与观测上限一致?
- RQ5考虑到NH⁺对电离率的依赖性,在哪些天体物理环境中可能实现NH⁺的探测?
主要发现
- Sgr B2(M)分子包层中NH⁺丰度的上限为≤2×10⁻¹²(相对于H核),G10.6−0.4中为≤7×10⁻¹³。
- 在Sgr B2(M)中,933.996 GHz处(偏离预测静止频率141 MHz)存在一个疑似吸收特征,其正-NH₂⁻柱密度上限为N(p-NH₂⁻) ≤4×10¹¹ cm⁻²,对应丰度上限≤8×10⁻¹³。
- 在稀薄视线路径气体中,NH⁺与正-NH₂⁻的上限均低于NH、NH₂与NH₃在相同源中丰度的0.1–2%。
- 化学模型预测的稀薄气体中NH⁺丰度比观测上限低几个数量级,而在典型Sgr B2(M)包层条件下,预测值也仅低几倍。
- 模型预测的正-NH₂⁻丰度比观测上限低数个数量级,对Sgr B2(M)中疑似探测结果提出质疑。
- NH⁺仅在H₂电离率增强的区域(ζ(H₂) ≥ 10⁻¹⁴ s⁻¹)才可能被探测到,提示未来搜寻应聚焦于此类环境。
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