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[论文解读] VEGA/CHARA interferometric observations of Cepheids. I. A resolved structure around the prototype classical Cepheid delta Cep in the visible spectral range

N. Nardetto, A. Mérand|Universidad de Chile|Sep 23, 2016
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies被引用 8
一句话总结

本研究首次对经典造父变星δ Cep进行了全脉动周期内、在可见光波段的高角分辨率干涉观测,使用VEGA/CHARA仪器。观测检测到一个大小为8.9±3.0 mas、通量贡献为7±1%的包周环境(CSE),同时发现高空间频率下平方可见度存在无法解释的差异,提示存在复杂动力学效应(如回声或冲击波),这些效应未被简单模型所捕捉。

ABSTRACT

The B-W method is used to determine the distance of Cepheids and consists in combining the angular size variations of the star, as derived from infrared surface-brightness relations or interferometry, with its linear size variation, as deduced from visible spectroscopy using the projection factor. While many Cepheids have been intensively observed by infrared beam combiners, only a few have been observed in the visible. This paper is part of a project to observe Cepheids in the visible with interferometry as a counterpart to infrared observations already in hand. Observations of delta Cep itself were secured with the VEGA/CHARA instrument over the full pulsation cycle of the star. These visible interferometric data are consistent in first approximation with a quasi-hydrostatic model of pulsation surrounded by a static circumstellar environment (CSE) with a size of theta_cse=8.9 +/- 3.0 mas and a relative flux contribution of f_cse=0.07+/-0.01. A model of visible nebula (a background source filling the field of view of the interferometer) with the same relative flux contribution is also consistent with our data at small spatial frequencies. However, in both cases, we find discrepancies in the squared visibilities at high spatial frequencies (maximum 2sigma) with two different regimes over the pulsation cycle of the star, phi=0.0-0.8 and phi=0.8-1.0. We provide several hypotheses to explain these discrepancies, but more observations and theoretical investigations are necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. For the first time we have been able to detect in the visible domain a resolved structure around delta~Cep. We have also shown that a simple model cannot explain the observations, and more work will be necessary in the future, both on observations and modelling.

研究动机与目标

  • 在δ Cep的全脉动周期内,获取其原型经典造父变星在可见光波段的高角分辨率干涉观测数据。
  • 检验Baade-Wesselink方法中的假设,即在可见光与红外波段探测到的光球层在脉动过程中处于相同深度。
  • 检测并表征δ Cep在可见光波段可能存在的包周环境(CSE)或延伸结构。
  • 研究观测到的平方可见度与模型预测在高空间频率下的差异,这些差异可能表明存在未被建模的动力学效应。

提出的方法

  • 利用CHARA阵列上的VEGA光束合束器,在全脉动周期(相位φ = 0.0–1.0)内对δ Cep进行干涉观测。
  • 在空间频率0.2至3范围内测量平方可见度,以灵敏探测恒星盘面及延伸结构。
  • 通过拟合包含脉动恒星盘与静态CSE或背景源的组合模型,对通量贡献与角直径进行建模。
  • 将观测可见度与假设恒定边缘暗化和投影因子p的理论模型进行比较,同时检验相位相关的偏差。
  • 利用光谱数据与流体动力学模拟,评估回声、冲击波或非球对称脉动等替代物理解释的可行性。
  • 通过统计分析评估差异的显著性,识别出在相位φ = 0.0–0.8与φ = 0.8–1.0两个区间内可见度行为存在显著不同的两段区域。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1δ Cep的可见光波段干涉数据是否揭示了分辨开的包周环境(CSE)或延伸辐射?
  • RQ2观测到的平方可见度是否与一个包含脉动盘面和静态CSE或背景源的简单模型一致?
  • RQ3为何数据在高空间频率下表现出显著差异,且其差异随脉动相位变化?
  • RQ4相位相关的效应(如回声或冲击波)是否可解释观测到的可见度偏差?
  • RQ5边缘暗化变化或非球对称脉动在多大程度上导致了观测到的差异?

主要发现

  • VEGA/CHARA观测检测到δ Cep周围存在一个分辨开的包周环境(CSE),其大小为8.9±3.0 mas,通量贡献为7±1%。
  • 包含静态CSE或背景源的模型在低空间频率下能较好拟合数据,但无法解释高空间频率下的可见度差异。
  • 平方可见度的差异在高达2σ的显著性水平下存在,且可划分为两个明显不同的相位区间:φ = 0.0–0.8 与 φ = 0.8–1.0。
  • 相位依赖的行为提示可能存在时间变化的照明效应(如回声),这些效应在可见光波段可能比在红外波段更显著,原因在于CSE在可见光波段的通量贡献更高。
  • 流体动力学模拟与光谱数据不支持光球层附近存在强烈的边缘暗化变化或冲击波,从而排除了部分替代解释。
  • 非球对称脉动可能性较低,因高精度空间光度与光谱观测未支持δ Cep中存在此类脉动,且任何伴星的通量贡献低于1%。

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