[论文解读] VHEeP: A very high energy electron-proton collider based on proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration
该论文提出VHEeP,一种利用质子驱动的等离子体尾场加速技术将电子能量提升至3 TeV的极高能电子-质子对撞机,实现9 TeV的质心系能量对撞。尽管亮度较低(约1 pb⁻¹/年),该装置可探测到部分子动量分数低至x ~ 10⁻⁸,从而对QCD饱和效应及高能光子-质子截面提供独特敏感度。
Based on current CERN infrastructure, an electron-proton collider is proposed at a centre-of-mass energy of about 9 TeV. A 7 TeV LHC bunch is used as the proton driver to create a plasma wakefield which then accelerates electrons to 3 TeV, these then colliding with the other 7 TeV LHC proton beam. The basic parameters of the collider are presented, which although of very high energy, has integrated luminosities of the order of 1 pb$^{-1}$/year. For such a collider, with a centre-of-mass energy 30 times greater than HERA, parton momentum fractions, $x$, down to about $10^{-8}$ are accessible for $Q^2$ of 1 GeV$^2$ and could lead to effects of saturation or some other breakdown of DGLAP being observed. The total photon-proton cross section can be measured up to very high energies and also at different energies as the possibility of varying the electron beam energy is assumed; this could have synergy with cosmic-ray physics. Other physics which can be pursued at such a collider are contact interaction searches, such as quark and electron substructure, and measurements of the proton structure as well as other more conventional measurements of QCD at high energies and in a new kinematic regime. The events at very low $x$ will lead to electrons and the hadronic final state produced at very low angles and so a novel spectrometer device will be needed to measure these. First ideas of the physics programme of such a collider are given.
研究动机与目标
- 探索利用现有CERN基础设施实现极高能电子-质子对撞机的可行性。
- 研究在远超HERA和LHeC的质心系能量下深度非弹性散射的物理探测能力。
- 评估通过访问极低部分子动量分数(x ~ 10⁻⁸)观测QCD饱和效应的潜力。
- 实现对相干长度达l ~ 3×10⁸ fm的光子-质子截面测量,以探测普遍行为的起始。
- 设计一种能够测量低x末态(包括在极小角度下探测电子和强子)的探测器概念。
提出的方法
- 利用7 TeV LHC质子束作为驱动源,在等离子体介质中激发等离子体尾场。
- 采用等离子体尾场加速技术,在4 km距离内将电子见证束加速至3 TeV,实现高达~100 GV/m的梯度。
- 假设电子束能量可调,以实现对高能过程的能量分辨测量。
- 提出一种对撞构型,即加速后的电子束与LHC中未扰动的7 TeV质子束对撞。
- 设计一种新型探测器系统,包含中央对撞探测器和长光谱仪臂,用于测量极小角度下的电子和强子。
- 应用Ariadne蒙特卡罗生成器模拟x、Q²和y的运动学分布,并外推至x ~ 10⁻⁸。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1质子驱动的等离子体尾场加速是否能够利用现有LHC基础设施,在4 km距离内将电子加速至3 TeV?
- RQ2该对撞机在Q² > 1 GeV²条件下,探测部分子动量分数x低至10⁻⁸的物理能力如何?
- RQ3VHEeP对撞机能否在相干长度l > 10⁶ fm时测量光子-质子截面,以指示饱和效应的起始?
- RQ4在可探测的x和Q²范围方面,VHEeP的运动学覆盖范围与HERA和LHeC相比如何?
- RQ5为测量高能、低x过程产生的极小角度末态,需要何种探测器构型?
主要发现
- VHEeP对撞机通过3 TeV电子与7 TeV质子对撞,实现约9 TeV的质心系能量,使在Q² > 1 GeV²条件下探测到部分子动量分数x低至10⁻⁸成为可能。
- 预计积分亮度约为~1 pb⁻¹/年,束流频率为2 Hz,每束团有4×10¹¹个质子,每束团有1×10¹¹个电子。
- 运动学模拟显示x与Q²之间存在强相关性,分布峰值位于低x、低Q²和低y区域,并在Q² > 1 GeV²条件下延伸至x ~ 10⁻⁸。
- 对光子-质子截面在更高相干长度l下的外推拟合表明,VHEeP可探测至l ~ 3×10⁸ fm(x ~ 3.5×10⁻¹⁰),接近饱和效应可能出现的区域。
- 探测器设计需要配备中央对撞探测器和长光谱仪臂,以测量极小角度下的散射电子和强子末态,尤其针对x < 10⁻⁶的情况。
- 在Q² < 1 GeV²范围内的测量对约束光子-质子截面普遍行为的起始至关重要,尽管亮度较低,预计在1–10 GeV²范围内将获得大量数据。
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