[论文解读] VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS). The distinct build-up of dense and normal massive passive galaxies
本研究利用VIPERS巡天,分析了红移范围0.5 ≤ z ≤ 1.0内大质量、无星系的演化,按恒星表面质量密度(Σ)进行区分。研究发现,致密的MPG随时间被动演化,而较不致密的MPG则在后期持续形成,具有更新的恒星种群,表明MPG群体主要通过星系形成活动的抑制而非内部向外生长或并合形成。
We use the final data from the VIPERS redshift survey to extract an unparalleled sample of more than 2000 massive M > 10^11 M_sun passive galaxies (MPGs) at redshift 0.5 < z < 1.0, based on their NUVrK colours. This enables us to investigate how the population of these objects was built up over cosmic time. We find that the evolution of the number density depends on the galaxy mean surface stellar mass density, Sigma. In particular, dense (Sigma > 2000 M_sun pc^-2) MPGs show a constant comoving number density over this redshift range, whilst this increases by a factor ~ 4 for the least dense objects, defined as having Sigma < 1000 M_sun pc^-2. We estimate stellar ages for the MPG population both fitting the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) and through the D4000_n index, obtaining results in good agreement. Our findings are consistent with passive ageing of the stellar content of dense MPGs. We show that at any redshift the less dense MPGs are younger than dense ones and that their stellar populations evolve at a slower rate than predicted by passive evolution. This points to a scenario in which the overall population of MPGs was built up over the cosmic time by continuous addition of less dense galaxies: on top of an initial population of dense objects that passively evolves, new, larger, and younger MPGs continuously join the population at later epochs. Finally, we demonstrate that the observed increase in the number density of MPGs is totally accounted for by the observed decrease in the number density of correspondingly massive star forming galaxies (i.e. all the non-passive M > 10^11 M_sun objects). Such systems observed at z ~ 1 in VIPERS, therefore, represent the most plausible progenitors of the subsequent emerging class of larger MPGs.
研究动机与目标
- 理解中等红移(0.5 ≤ z ≤ 1.0)大质量无星系(MPG)的形成机制。
- 探究观测到的MPG数量密度和大小的增加是否由内部演化或外部吸积驱动。
- 利用恒星质量表面密度(Σ)区分致密与较不致密MPG在群体演化中的作用。
- 确定观测到的演化是否与被动老化一致,或是否需要后期新星系形成。
- 检验新MPG源于大质量星系形成星系(MSFGs)抑制的假设。
提出的方法
- 从VIPERS巡天中选取约2000个红移范围0.5 ≤ z ≤ 1.0的大质量无星系(MPG)。
- 根据恒星表面质量密度(Σ)将MPG分为三类子群体:高Σ、中Σ和低Σ。
- 通过红红移分箱法测量每类Σ子群体的数量密度演化。
- 通过光谱能量分布(SED)拟合和光谱D4000n指数测量,约束星族年龄。
- 追踪MSFG数量密度的演化,并与MPG数量密度的增加进行比较,以检验抑制假设。
- 使用SED拟合和D4000n的独立年龄估计,验证年龄测量的一致性与稳健性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1大质量无星系(MPG)的数量密度如何随红移演化,且是否依赖于其恒星表面质量密度(Σ)?
- RQ2观测到的MPG演化是否与被动演化一致,还是需要后期新星系形成?
- RQ3高Σ与低Σ MPG的星族年龄如何比较,这对它们的形成 timescale 有何含义?
- RQ4MPG数量密度和大小的增加在多大程度上由大质量星系形成星系(MSFGs)的抑制驱动?
- RQ5MPG群体的构建能否通过内部向外吸积解释,还是外部抑制是主导途径?
主要发现
- 从z = 1.0到z = 0.5,低Σ MPG的数量密度增加了四倍,而高Σ MPG的数量密度几乎保持不变。
- 在z > 0.8时,高Σ、中Σ和低Σ MPG对群体的贡献相当,但到z < 0.8时,由于数量密度持续上升,低Σ MPG占据主导地位。
- 高Σ MPG中星族年龄的演化与被动演化一致,表明无近期恒星形成。
- 低Σ MPG中星族年龄的演化速度慢于被动演化预期,表明新、更年轻的星系持续加入该群体。
- 在任何红移下,致密MPG均系统性地比较不致密MPG更年长,证实了明确的年龄-Σ趋势。
- 观测到的MPG数量密度增加完全由大质量星系形成星系(MSFGs)数量密度的减少所解释,表明抑制是主导形成途径。
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