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[论文解读] VISION - Vienna survey in Orion I. VISTA Orion A Survey

Stefan Meingast, J. Alves|Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)|Jan 7, 2016
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies参考文献 91被引用 35
一句话总结

本文介绍了VISION巡天项目,这是利用VISTA望远镜对猎户座A分子云进行的深度、高分辨率近红外(J、H、K_S)巡天,覆盖面积达18.3 deg²,K_S ≈ 19.0 mag时达到90%的完整度。该巡天提供了包含799,995个天体的星表——比2MASS深约十倍,使人们能够精确统计嵌入的原恒星(2,300–3,000个),并确认了与活跃恒星形成区相关的前景天体群体。

ABSTRACT

Orion A hosts the nearest massive star factory, thus offering a unique opportunity to resolve the processes connected with the formation of both low- and high-mass stars. Here we present the most detailed and sensitive near-infrared (NIR) observations of the entire molecular cloud to date. With the unique combination of high image quality, survey coverage, and sensitivity, our NIR survey of Orion A aims at establishing a solid empirical foundation for further studies of this important cloud. In this first paper we present the observations, data reduction, and source catalog generation. To demonstrate the data quality, we present a first application of our catalog to estimate the number of stars currently forming inside Orion A and to verify the existence of a more evolved young foreground population. We used the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) to survey the entire Orion A molecular cloud in the NIR $J, H$, and $K_S$ bands, covering a total of $\sim$18.3 deg$^2$. We implemented all data reduction recipes independently of the ESO pipeline. Estimates of the young populations toward Orion A are derived via the $K_S$-band luminosity function. Our catalog (799995 sources) increases the source counts compared to the Two Micron All Sky Survey by about an order of magnitude. The 90% completeness limits are 20.4, 19.9, and 19.0 mag in $J, H$, and $K_S$, respectively. The reduced images have 20% better resolution on average compared to pipeline products. We find between 2300 and 3000 embedded objects in Orion A and confirm that there is an extended foreground population above the Galactic field, in agreement with previous work. The Orion A VISTA catalog represents the most detailed NIR view of the nearest massive star-forming region and provides a fundamental basis for future studies of star formation processes toward Orion.

研究动机与目标

  • 获取猎户座A分子云最灵敏、最高分辨率的近红外巡天,以研究恒星形成过程。
  • 通过提升图像质量、深度和在尘埃遮蔽、嵌入区域的源检测能力,克服现有巡天的局限性。
  • 为未来研究猎户座A中低质量和大质量恒星形成建立全面、公开可访问的源星表。
  • 研究年轻恒星物体(YSOs)和前景天体群体的空间分布及光度函数。
  • 验证此前观测到的、扩展的年轻前景天体群体在猎户座A中的存在及其性质。

提出的方法

  • 使用VISTA望远镜在J、H和K_S波段对猎户座A进行大范围近红外巡天,像素尺度为1/3 arcsec/pix。
  • 实施独立的数据处理流程,使图像分辨率相比标准ESO CASU流程提高约20%。
  • 应用源提取和已校准至2MASS测光系统的测光,以确保一致性和准确性。
  • 生成包含799,995个天体的源星表,其在J=20.4、H=19.9和K_S=19.0 mag时完整度达90%。
  • 利用K_S波段光度函数估算猎户座A中年轻恒星物体的总数。
  • 将星表与Megeath等人(2012年)的YSO星表进行交叉匹配,以评估完整度并识别新的YSO候选体。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在猎户座A分子云中,真正形成嵌入原恒星和主序前星的数量是多少?
  • RQ2年轻恒星物体的空间分布如何与活跃恒星形成区(如猎户座星云星团)相关联?
  • RQ3猎户座A中是否存在显著的、扩展的前景年轻恒星群体,其与主云结构的空间关系如何?
  • RQ4前景群体在多大程度上与云西部区域的反馈过程(如恒星风或超新星)相关?
  • RQ5VISION巡天相比以往巡天(如2MASS)在图像质量与深度方面,对嵌入源的分辨能力有何提升?

主要发现

  • VISION巡天星表包含799,995个天体,与2MASS巡天相比,天体数量几乎增加十倍。
  • 90%完整度极限为J = 20.4 mag、H = 19.9 mag、K_S = 19.0 mag,分辨率相比ESO流程产品提高约20%。
  • 该巡天在猎户座A中识别出2,300至3,000个嵌入原恒星,与以往估计一致,但因深度提升而具有更高置信度。
  • 该巡天证实了存在一个复杂的前景年轻恒星群体,主要集中在猎户座星云星团和“S”形丝状结构区域。
  • 在猎户座A东部区域发现了两个新的潜在小型前景星群,提示可能存在局部的恒星形成事件。
  • 与Megeath等人(2012年)YSO星表交叉匹配显示,盘状天体的完整度达99.6%,原恒星完整度达84%,表明源检测具有极高保真度。

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